Index

General Information
Part A: Information about the offeror or the person seeking admission to trading
Part B: Information about the issuer, if different from the offeror or person seeking admission to trading
Part C: Information about the operator of the trading platform in cases where it draws up the crypto-asset white paper and information about other persons drawing the crypto-asset white paper pursuant to Article 6(1), second subparagraph, of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114
Part D: Information about the crypto-asset project
Part E: Information about the offer to the public of crypto-assets or their admission to trading
Part F: Information about the crypto-assets
Part G: Information on the rights and obligations attached to the crypto-assets
Part H: Information on the underlying technology
Part I: Information on the risks
Part J: Information on the sustainability indicators in relation to adverse impact on the climate and other environment-related adverse impacts

2026-06-10

This crypto-asset white paper has not been approved by any competent authority in any Member State of the European Union. The operator of the trading platform of the crypto-asset is solely responsible for the content of this crypto-asset white paper.

This crypto-asset white paper complies with Title II of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 of the European Parliament and of the Council and, to the best of the knowledge of the management body, the information presented in the crypto-asset white paper is fair, clear and not misleading and the crypto-asset white paper makes no omission likely to affect its import.

The crypto-asset referred to in this crypto-asset white paper may lose its value in part or in full, may not always be transferable and may not be liquid.

FALSE

The crypto-asset referred to in this white paper is not covered by the investor compensation schemes under Directive 97/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council or the deposit guarantee schemes under Directive 2014/49/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council.

Warning
This summary should be read as an introduction to the crypto-asset white paper. The prospective holder should base any decision to purchase this crypto-asset on the content of the crypto-asset white paper as a whole and not on the summary alone. The offer to the public of this crypto-asset does not constitute an offer or solicitation to purchase financial instruments and any such offer or solicitation can be made only by means of a prospectus or other documents pursuant to the applicable national law.
This crypto-asset white paper does not constitute a prospectus as referred to in Regulation (EU) 2017/1129 of the European Parliament and of the Council or any other offer document pursuant to Union or national law.

WLD is the native crypto-asset associated with the World project, whose stated objective is to build a global identity and financial network based on proof of human verification.

The project combines World ID, a privacy-preserving identity protocol intended to allow individuals to prove that they are unique humans, with World App, World Chain and the WLD token. WLD was launched on 24 July 2023 and is an ERC-20 token on Ethereum mainnet. Users claiming WLD generally receive bridged WLD on World Chain, an OP Stack layer-2 network built on Ethereum, which is identified by the project as the main venue for access and use of WLD.

The initial total supply of WLD is 10,000,000,000 tokens. No additional WLD may be minted during the first 15 years following launch. After that period, protocol governance may activate inflation of up to 1.5% per year, with governance determining the allocation of any newly minted WLD.

Holders of the WLD crypto-asset do not, solely by acquiring or holding WLD, acquire any ownership, equity, profit participation, repayment, redemption or compensation rights against any identified issuer, the World foundation, or any other natural or legal person.

Not applicable

The token has been admitted to trading to the trading platform operated by Bitstamp Europe S.A. on its own initiative.

TRUE

World Assets Ltd.

6EH6

PO Box 4301,Road Town

Tortola

PO Box 4301,Road Town

Tortola

2022-12-07

Not applicable

World Assets, Ltd. business activity consists of the issuance and distribution of WLD allocated to the World community, including the administration of token allocations connected with user-token claims, ecosystem participation and related token-distribution arrangements.

Not applicable

Bitstamp Europe S.A.

5GGB

40, avenue Monterey, L-2163, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

LU-LU

40, avenue Monterey, L-2163, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

LU-LU

2015-05-19

549300XIBGTJ0PLIEO72

Bitstamp Europe S.A. is registered with the Luxembourg Trade and Companies Register under the number B196856.

Robinhood Markets, Inc with its registered office at 85 Willow Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.

Bitstamp Europe S.A., acting in its capacity as a crypto-asset service provider (CASP) and operator of a trading platform, has prepared this crypto-asset white paper to support the admission to trading of the crypto-asset on its platform and to provide users with the information required under Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA).

Bitstamp Europe S.A. is a Crypto-Asset Service Provider authorised with the CSSF under the number N00000003 to provide the following crypto-asset services:

• providing custody and administration of crypto-assets on behalf of clients;
• operation of a trading platform for crypto-assets;
• exchange of crypto-assets for funds;
• exchange of crypto-assets for other crypto-assets;
• execution of orders for crypto-assets on behalf of clients;
• reception and transmission of orders for crypto-assets on behalf of clients; and
• providing transfer services for crypto-assets on behalf of clients.

Bitstamp Europe S.A. is a payment institution authorised by the CSSF under number Z00000012 to provide the following payment services:
3.a) execution of direct debits, including one-off direct debits,
3.b) execution of payment transactions through a payment card or a similar device,
3.c) execution of credit transfers, including standing orders and
6.) money remittance.

Bitstamp Europe S.A. has notified the cross-border provision of payment services and of crypto-asset services in all EU and EEA member states.

Bitstamp has admitted the asset to which this white paper relates to, to trading on its own initiative on its trading platform.

Robinhood Markets, Inc. is the parent holding company of the Robinhood group.

MiCA Crypto Alliance Limited

MiCA Crypto Alliance Limited was mandated to assist in the white paper preparation by Bitstamp Europe S.A. Bitstamp Europe S.A. retains the role of person seeking admission to trading.

World

Worldcoin

WLD

World is a crypto-asset project that seeks to establish a global identity and financial network based on proof of human verification. The World Network consists of 5 core technologies: World ID, the Orb, World App, World Chain and the WLD token.

World ID is a privacy-preserving protocol intended to allow individuals to prove that they are unique humans online without disclosing personal information.

The Orb is a biometric verification device used to support proof-of-human verification, while World App provides an interface through which users may access World ID, WLD and related ecosystem functions.

World Chain is the blockchain infrastructure associated with the project. It is built on the OP Stack, forms part of the Superchain, uses the Ethereum Virtual Machine for execution, and uses Ethereum for data availability and finality. World Chain is intended to support World App, World ID and related applications by providing blockchain capacity for users and developers interacting with the World ecosystem.

WLD is the crypto-asset associated with the World project. It is intended to support participation in the World ecosystem and future governance of the protocol.

FALSE

Not applicable

Past milestones

The World project was conceived in 2019 as a project intended to help individuals access the global economy and benefit from developments in artificial intelligence. Following several years of research, development and testing, the project publicly launched on 24 July 2023.

On 14 March 2023, World introduced World ID and the World ID SDK. World ID was described as a privacy-first decentralised identity protocol enabling users to prove that they are unique humans without sharing personal information such as names or email addresses.

In May 2023, World App was introduced as the first wallet built for the World ecosystem, intended to allow users to access World ID, claim Worldcoin grants where available, and use digital assets through a mobile application.

On 24 July 2023, the Worldcoin project launched publicly and moved into a production-grade state. At launch, the project included World ID, World App and WLD. The WLD token was launched with an initial total supply of 10,000,000,000 WLD.

In 2024, World introduced and launched World Chain, a layer-2 blockchain intended to support the growth of the World ecosystem and to provide additional blockchain capacity for World App, World ID and related applications. World Chain was first announced as an initial preview, followed by a developer preview, and later opened to users and developers.

In October 2024, World announced several major project updates, including the launch of World Chain mainnet, the introduction of World App 3.0 with Mini Apps, updates to the Orb and verification model, and the transition from the “Worldcoin” project name to World Network / World branding.

In December 2025, World introduced a new version of World App, including World Chat, Mini Apps in chat, global payments features and additional wallet functionality. The official announcement stated that the new World App began rolling out globally on that date.

In April 2026, World announced a significant World ID protocol upgrade, describing the new World ID as “full-stack proof of human” and introducing an account-based architecture, key rotation, recovery, multi-key support, session management, one-time-use nullifiers and a public beta of the World ID app.

Future milestones

The principal future project milestones concern the continued scaling and development of World ID, World Chain, World App, the Orb infrastructure and the WLD ecosystem. World Chain is intended to allow World App, World ID and related applications to scale throughput, increase gas limits, improve data availability and benefit from OP Stack and Ethereum scalability improvements.

The initial total supply of WLD is 10,000,000,000 tokens. These tokens are allocated across four principal categories: 75% to the World Community, 11.1% to the Tools for Humanity (TFH) team and other service providers, 13.6% to TFH investors, and 0.3% to the TFH Reserve. The World Community allocation is governed by the World Foundation and is intended to support user distribution, network operations and ecosystem development.

The World Community allocation represents the largest allocation of WLD. World Foundation acts as steward of those tokens until the protocol is self-sufficient and has allocated them toward three purposes: user tokens, network operations, and an ecosystem fund. World Foundation states that its target is to allocate at least 60% of the total WLD supply to user tokens, up to 10% to network operations, and up to 5% to the ecosystem fund, although the final allocation may vary depending on factors such as user growth, Orb deployment, verification activity, governance decisions, developer activity and ecosystem needs.

User tokens are intended to be claimable by eligible individuals who engage with World Network and verify their unique humanness through a credential recognised by the protocol. The availability and amount of user-token claims are governed by the protocol’s governance arrangements and may change over time. Unclaimed WLD remains in the World Community pool.

The network operations allocation is intended to fund operational activities required for the functioning and growth of World Network. These activities include operation of the World ID sign-up sequencer and uniqueness services, entities supporting World Chain, Orb manufacturing, Orb operations, logistics associated with Orb deployment, equipment supplied to Operators, market-operations support, user-engagement initiatives, community outreach, and bug bounty programs. Where necessary, World Foundation may convert a portion of WLD allocated to network operations into fiat currency or other currency to cover operational costs.

The ecosystem fund allocation is intended to support the continued development and decentralisation of World. The relevant activities include protocol research and development, World ID and World Chain development, Orb hardware and software research and development, standards development, audits, certification of new service providers, ecosystem grants, incentive programs, liquidity provisioning and World Foundation operational costs.

The TFH team and other service provider allocation is intended for the persons and service providers that contributed to the development of World. The TFH investor allocation relates to investors that provided funding enabling TFH to support the multi-year pre-launch phase of the project. The TFH Reserve is retained by TFH to address future TFH needs. Team and investor tokens are subject to lock-up and unlock arrangements, while tokens claimed by users and operators are not locked up.

World Community tokens unlock over a 15-year period. At launch, 500,000,000 WLD were unlocked; 3,500,000,000 WLD unlock from launch to the end of year 3; 1,750,000,000 WLD unlock from the start of year 4 to the end of year 6; 875,000,000 WLD unlock from the start of year 7 to the end of year 9; and 875,000,000 WLD unlock from the start of year 10 to the end of year 15. Governance controls the rate at which unlocked World Community tokens are introduced into circulating supply. After year 15, protocol governance may activate inflation of up to 1.5% per year, with the allocation of newly minted WLD to be determined by governance.

World has also published an update on the WLD unlock schedule on 24 July 2024, the aggregate WLD unlock rate across all token allocations will decrease by 43%, from approximately 5,100,000 WLD per day to approximately 2,900,000 WLD per day.

The World Community Token unlock rate will decrease by 50%, from 3,200,000 WLD per day to 1,600,000 WLD per day, while the TFH Investor and Team Token unlock rate will decrease by 32%, from 1,900,000 WLD per day to 1,300,000 WLD per day. As of 10 April 2026, 4,900,000,000 WLD, representing 49% of the total 10,000,000,000 WLD supply, were unlocked, of which 3,300,000,000 WLD were in circulation. The same update states that WLD continues to unlock daily in a linear manner, with no unlock cliff.

Not applicable

Bitstamp Europe S.A. has admitted the token to trading based on its market considerations.

When a client purchases a token on the Bitstamp Europe S.A.'s trading platform, the crypto-asset will be credited to their Bitstamp account. If a client wants to hold the token in their own wallet, they will need to (i) provide an external blockchain wallet address, where the crypto-assets will be sent if a withdrawal is initiated and (ii) satisfy all other requirements applicable to a withdrawal in line with the Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 May 2023 on information accompanying transfers of funds and certain crypto-assets.

When a client purchases a token on the Bitstamp Europe S.A.'s trading platform, the crypto-asset will be credited to their Bitstamp account and a client does not need to fulfill any other technical requirement to hold the crypto-assets on their Bitstamp account, apart from have either a computer or phone with an internet connection and appropriate software in order to interact with the Bitstamp services.

Bitstamp Europe S.A.

BESA

Investors can access the trading platform through https://www.bitstamp.net or via the Bitstamp applications.

There are no costs involved in creating an account on the trading platform, however trading fees and other costs apply in accordance with the fee schedule available at https://www.bitstamp.net/fee-schedule.

Not applicable

There are no conflicts of interest arising at the moment of writing the white paper in relation to the offer or admission to trading. Bitstamp Group has a strict Code of Conduct and Trading Policy in place. They both mitigate the possibility of conflicts of interest.

In accordance with the Code of Conduct all officers, directors, employees, agents, representatives, contractors and consultants (and other persons, regardless of job or position), are required to report any situation where there is the potential for conflict of interest between their interests and interests of Bitstamp. The Trading Policy that is in place within the Bitstamp Group prohibits all forms of market manipulation and has been designed to prevent insider trading.

Not applicable, as this point pertains to an 'offer to the public', whereas this white paper relates to admission to trading.

Not applicable, as this point pertains to an 'offer to the public', whereas this white paper relates to admission to trading.

Crypto-assets other than asset-referenced tokens or e-money tokens

WLD is designed as a cryptocurrency with governance properties for the World project. Its current and intended functionalities are linked to the World Network, which combines World ID, World App, World Chain and related ecosystem applications. WLD is an ERC-20 token deployed on Ethereum mainnet. Users claiming WLD generally receive bridged WLD on World Chain mainnet, an OP Stack layer-2 network built on Ethereum, which the World materials identify as the main venue for access and use of WLD.

The current functionality of WLD includes the ability to be held, transferred and used as a crypto-asset through compatible wallets, applications, trading venues and blockchain infrastructure. Within the World ecosystem, WLD may be used by users and developers for application-level interactions, subject to technical availability, user eligibility, applicable terms and applicable law. Possible use cases may include access to features within World App or another wallet application, tipping, buying and selling goods, and signalling support for causes or initiatives.

WLD is also intended to support governance of the World protocol. WLD, alongside World ID, is expected to be used for protocol governance. WLD may support conventional token-based governance mechanisms and may also be combined with World ID to enable governance models based on proof of unique humanness, including potential “one-person-one-vote” mechanisms. World Foundation currently acts as steward of the protocol and states that it is working toward progressive decentralisation of governance and the ecosystem.

WLD is also used in the project’s token-distribution model. Eligible individuals may claim WLD user tokens where they have a credential attached to their World ID that is recognised by the protocol for user-token claiming, such as a proof-of-human credential obtained through Orb verification or, where available, a passport or government-ID credential. User-token claiming is subject to availability, jurisdictional restrictions, recognised credentials, compatible applications and governance decisions.

Not applicable

WLD is the native crypto-asset associated with the World project, whose stated objective is to build a global identity and financial network based on proof of human verification.

The project combines World ID, a privacy-preserving identity protocol intended to allow individuals to prove that they are unique humans, with World App, World Chain and the WLD token. WLD was launched on 24 July 2023 and is an ERC-20 token on Ethereum mainnet. Users claiming WLD generally receive bridged WLD on World Chain, an OP Stack layer-2 network built on Ethereum, which is identified by the project as the main venue for access and use of WLD.

The initial total supply of WLD is 10,000,000,000 tokens. No additional WLD may be minted during the first 15 years following launch. After that period, protocol governance may activate inflation of up to 1.5% per year, with governance determining the allocation of any newly minted WLD.

Holders of the WLD crypto-asset do not, solely by acquiring or holding WLD, acquire any ownership, equity, profit participation, repayment, redemption or compensation rights against any identified issuer, the World foundation, or any other natural or legal person.

World

https://world.org/

2026-07-11

2026-07-10

Not applicable

English

FHJ2J54RT, 2CTQDCXM4

BJD0TZ8V1

FALSE

TRUE

TRUE

Not applicable, holders of the WLD crypto-asset do not, solely by acquiring or holding WLD, acquire any ownership, equity, profit participation, repayment, redemption or compensation rights against any identified issuer, the World foundation, World Network or any other natural or legal person. Holding WLD does not give rise to contractual claims or entitlements against any natural or legal person.

Accordingly, all functionalities associated with WLD are functional and protocol-based. These functionalities are further described in F.2.

Not applicable as the asset confers no ownership or financial claims and does not impose any legal obligations.

Not applicable as the asset confers no ownership or financial claims and does not impose any legal obligations.

Not applicable

FALSE

Not applicable

Not applicable

TRUE

Not applicable

Not applicable

FALSE

Not applicable. WLD does not operate a demand-based supply mechanism designed to maintain price stability. Only a governance-based supply mechanism may be activated no earlier than 24 July 2038, i.e. 15 years after the launch date. Once activated, protocol governance may set an annual inflation rate, subject to a 1.5% rate cap enforced by the WLD smart contract. The default inflation rate is zero. No supply adjustment is possible before that date, and the supply cap of 10,000,000,000 WLD is enforced by the non-upgradable contract until then.

FALSE

Not applicable

FALSE

Not applicable

There is no written legal agreement between the issuer and the crypto asset-holder that sets out the laws that govern the legal relationship between those two parties. In the absence of such an agreement, the laws that govern that relationship will depend on the location of the issuer and the given crypto asset-holder and characteristic performance of the legal relationship, and any agreed intention of the issuer and crypto asset-holder.

There is no written legal agreement between the issuer and the crypto asset-holder that sets out which jurisdiction's courts will have authority to deal with a dispute between the crypto asset-holder and the issuer. In the absence of such an agreement, the laws of the competent court will depend on the location of the issuer and the given crypto asset-holder and characteristic performance of the legal relationship, and any agreed intention of the issuer and crypto asset-holder.

Not applicable as DTI is provided in F.13

Networking and node infrastructure

WLD does not rely on a token-specific peer-to-peer network. Transaction submission and chain access use the networking infrastructure of Ethereum and World Chain. World Chain Mainnet provides access through a bridge, a block explorer at worldscan.org, a status page and a public RPC endpoint at worldchain-mainnet.g.alchemy.com/public. Operating a World Chain node requires an Ethereum Layer 1 RPC endpoint and an Ethereum Beacon Archive RPC endpoint; the Beacon Archive endpoint is required specifically for retrieving blobs from the Ethereum Beacon Chain.

Nodes are deployed using the simple-worldchain-node Docker Compose configuration, which supports World Chain Mainnet and Sepolia, full and archive node modes, and 2 execution client implementations: op-geth and op-reth. Infrastructure providers supporting the network span node and RPC services, bridges, data indexing and analytics services, block explorers, developer tooling, oracles, paymasters and onramps.

Serialisation

WLD transactions follow Ethereum serialisation conventions. As an EVM-equivalent OP Stack chain, World Chain uses the same underlying transaction formats as Ethereum, including EIP-2718 typed transaction envelopes and EIP-1559 fee-market transactions. Transaction data is encoded using Ethereum's Recursive Length Prefix scheme. ERC-20 function calls to the WLD token contract and resulting event logs follow standard Ethereum ABI encoding.

Cryptography

WLD transactions on Ethereum Mainnet and World Chain use Ethereum's standard cryptographic conventions. Account addresses are derived by applying Keccak-256 to the secp256k1 elliptic curve public key and retaining the final 20 bytes. Transactions are authorised using the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm on the secp256k1 curve. World Chain's security assumptions additionally encompass the OP Stack's relationship with Ethereum's proof-of-stake validator set, which provides settlement finality and data availability guarantees for the layer-2 environment.

Ledger

WLD balances are recorded in ERC-20 token contracts deployed across 3 networks. The canonical contract on Ethereum Mainnet is at 0x163f8C2467924be0ae7B5347228CABF260318753. The bridged representation on World Chain Mainnet is at 0x2cFc85d8E48F8EAB294be644d9E25C3030863003. The legacy bridged version on Optimism is at 0xdC6fF44d5d932Cbd77B52E5612Ba0529DC6226F1. WLD balances are settled on-chain on the respective network. World Chain anchors its state to Ethereum through regular batch submissions and Ethereum-backed data availability.

Execution

WLD transfers on World Chain are processed within an EVM-equivalent execution environment. All ERC-20 operations — transfer, transferFrom, approve and allowance — behave identically to their Ethereum equivalents. World Chain differs from Ethereum in several execution parameters: its block time is 2 seconds rather than 12; its EIP-1559 elasticity multiplier is 6 rather than 2; and its maximum base fee change per block is 0.8% upward and 0.4% downward, compared with 12.5% in each direction on Ethereum. These parameters affect fee dynamics for WLD transfers without altering the token's ERC-20 behaviour.

Token standard

WLD conforms to the ERC-20 token standard, which defines a fungible token interface comprising transfer, transferFrom, approve and allowance functions and Transfer and Approval event emissions. Bridged WLD on World Chain is deployed through the OP Stack bridge infrastructure using the OptimismMintableERC20Factory contract. Cross-chain movement of WLD between Ethereum and World Chain uses the L2StandardBridge on World Chain and the corresponding L1StandardBridgeProxy on Ethereum Mainnet.

Token controls and approvals

WLD implements standard ERC-20 approval semantics. The token contract is non-upgradable. The sole post-launch control is the inflation mechanism, which becomes active no earlier than 15 years after the launch date of 24 July 2023. No address may mint new WLD before 24 July 2038. The contract carries no transfer restrictions, allow-listing or blacklisting controls, transfer hooks or token-level compliance modules.

Implementation and architecture

WLD is implemented as a non-upgradable ERC-20 contract on Ethereum Mainnet. The token does not operate its own blockchain, validator set or peer-to-peer network. Bridged representations exist on World Chain and Optimism through the OP Stack bridge mechanism. World Chain, the primary access venue, is operated by World Chain LLC and runs on the OP Stack as part of the Superchain. Execution, transaction sequencing, batch submission, settlement and data availability are provided by the underlying networks; the WLD token contract itself manages only supply controls and transfer state.

Token deployment and addresses

WLD was launched on 24 July 2023 with an initial supply cap of 10,000,000,000 tokens. Contract addresses are set out in H.2 (Ledger)All 7,500,000,000 World Community tokens were minted before launch, with their release into circulating supply governed by four vesting smart contracts on Ethereum Mainnet. World Assets, Ltd., incorporated in the British Virgin Islands, is the token allocation entity. World Foundation is its sole member and director.

Node infrastructure and runtime

World Chain nodes are deployed through the simple-worldchain-node Docker Compose configuration, supporting full and archive modes and 2 execution clients, op-geth and op-reth. The network's EIP-3770 short name is "wc". The network has progressed through the Fjord (24 July 2024), Granite (1 October 2024) and Holocene (30 January 2025) hardforks, maintaining alignment with Ethereum's evolving EVM standards. The current published gas configuration is an 80,000,000 block gas limit and a 40,000,000 block gas target, with a 2 second block time; these parameters are periodically increased as network usage grows.

L2 proofing and data availability

World Chain batches transaction data and submits it to Ethereum Mainnet through the Batch Submitter contract. Data availability relies on Ethereum's blob-carrying transaction mechanism introduced by the Dencun upgrade, which requires node operators to maintain a Beacon Archive RPC connection for blob retrieval. The key Ethereum-side infrastructure contracts include the OptimismPortalProxy for deposits and withdrawals, the L1CrossDomainMessengerProxy for cross-domain messaging, the DisputeGameFactoryProxy and the PermissionedDisputeGame for fault dispute resolution, the AnchorStateRegistryProxy for approved output root records and the SystemConfigProxy for chain configuration. The Challenger contract acts as the dispute counterparty. This infrastructure collectively secures World Chain state transitions against fraudulent sequencer outputs.

Security and dependencies
WLD's operational dependencies are chain-level rather than token-level. The canonical Ethereum Mainnet deployment depends on the Ethereum proof-of-stake network. World Chain depends on the OP Stack framework, the op-geth and op-reth execution clients, and Ethereum for settlement and data availability. The WLD ERC-20 token contract and its associated vesting wallet were included within the scope of the Nethermind smart-contract security audit conducted in 2023; full audit details are in H.9.

WLD has no independent consensus mechanism. It inherits the consensus and finality properties of the network on which each relevant transaction is executed.

Ethereum Mainnet

Ethereum uses proof-of-stake consensus. Validators deposit ETH into the staking contract and are responsible for proposing and attesting to blocks. Time is divided into 12-second slots grouped into 32-slot epochs. A single validator is randomly selected per slot to propose a block; committees of other validators attest to block validity within the same slot. A transaction achieves finality on Ethereum when it is included in a chain linking two checkpoint epochs with a supermajority of votes representing at least two thirds of total staked ETH. A finalised block cannot be reverted without a coordinated slashing of a majority of the active validator set.

World Chain sequencing and settlement

World Chain uses the OP Stack sequencer model. A single sequencer, operated by World Chain LLC, orders transactions, produces blocks at 2-second intervals and submits batches of transaction data to Ethereum. Soft confirmation for WLD transfers on World Chain is available within seconds of submission. Ethereum-anchored security is achieved once batch data is settled on Ethereum and the associated fault dispute window has elapsed without a successful challenge. The DisputeGameFactoryProxy and Challenger contracts on Ethereum Mainnet provide the fault dispute infrastructure. WLD transfers do not depend on a WLD-specific validator set; security derives from Ethereum through the OP Stack fault dispute mechanism.

Network-level fees

On World Chain, each transaction incurs two fee components: an L2 execution fee covering computational cost on the layer-2 network, and an L1 security fee reflecting the cost of publishing transaction data to Ethereum. The L1 security fee fluctuates with Ethereum gas conditions; the L2 execution fee varies with World Chain congestion. Both components follow an EIP-1559 mechanism in which a protocol-set base fee is burned and an optional priority fee is paid to the block proposer. On Ethereum Mainnet, the same Ethereum fee structure applies: the base fee is burned and the priority fee is paid to the block proposer.

Protocol-level fees

The WLD token contract defines no transfer surcharge, mint fee, burn fee or redemption fee. World App users do not generally incur gas costs for claiming WLD, performing swaps or executing other standard transactions, as those costs are currently subsidised by Tools for Humanity. Third-party applications and non-World App interfaces may expose users to gas costs depending on the platform and chain used.

Sequencer and validator incentives

World Chain sequencer fees are collected in the SequencerFeeVault contract on World Chain Mainnet. On Ethereum Mainnet, block proposers receive priority fees from transaction senders and may receive attestation rewards; validators who violate protocol rules face slashing penalties that reduce or destroy their staked ETH. WLD carries no token-level incentives for block producers or validators.

Governance of supply parameters

The WLD smart contract enforces the following supply constraints: an initial cap of 10,000,000,000 tokens; no inflation for the first 15 years following launch; inflation commencing no earlier than 24 July 2038 at 04:00 UTC; the rate of inflation and the allocation of any newly minted tokens to be determined by protocol governance; and a maximum annual inflation cap of 1.5% enforced by the token smart contract. The default inflation rate is zero. World Chain gas parameters, including the block gas limit and target, are adjusted by the chain operator and are not subject to WLD token governance.

FALSE

Not applicable

TRUE

Independent security audits of the World protocol have been conducted by Nethermind and Least Authority. The reviews most directly relevant to the WLD ERC-20 token contract are the Nethermind smart-contract audit and the Least Authority cryptography audit. The three SMPC reviews concern World ID's iris-code uniqueness-check infrastructure rather than the ERC-20 transfer ledger itself, and are included here for completeness.

Nethermind / World protocol smart contracts / 2023

• Object: Smart-contract audit of the World protocol, covering the World ID contracts, the World ID state bridge, World ID example airdrop contracts, World token grants contracts, the WLD ERC-20 token contract and its associated vesting wallet.
• Results: 26 findings were identified during the assessment. After the verification stage, 24 were confirmed as fixed, one was mitigated and one was acknowledged.
• Actions: The audit report is publicly available through the NethermindEth public audit reports repository, as referenced at https://world.org/blog/world/worldcoin-protocol-security-audit-reports.

Least Authority / World Protocol Cryptography / 2023

• Object: Cryptographic audit of the World protocol, covering its use of the Semaphore protocol, gas-efficiency scaling enhancements for layer-2 operation, cryptographic design and implementation, the Rust implementation of Semaphore and the Go implementation of the Semaphore Merkle Tree Batcher.
• Results: 3 issues and 6 suggestions were identified; all had been resolved or had planned resolutions at the time of publication.
• Actions: Dependency-related findings included elliptic curve precompile support and Poseidon hash function configuration, arising from the protocol's use of Semaphore and Ethereum primitives. A public audit report was produced. Links: https://world.org/blog/world/worldcoin-protocol-security-audit-reports and https://leastauthority.com/blog/the-audit-of-worldcoin-protocol-cryptography/.

Least Authority / MPC Protocol for Uniqueness Check / Final Audit Report, 4 April 2024

• Object: Review of the MPC Protocol for the World ID uniqueness check, covering the uniqueness-check repository, signup-service MPC components and signup-processor MPC components, including adherence to the protocol specification and integration into the signup service and signup sequencer.
• Results: A vulnerable dependency and a division-by-zero edge case in fractional Hamming distance computation were identified. The initial implementation lacked encryption of queries containing iris-code shares; the protocol specification had no formal security proof within the reviewed scope.
• Actions: The dependency issue was resolved by updating affected packages, including patched versions and adding automated dependency auditing to continuous integration. The zero-count-handling suggestion was also resolved. Links: https://leastauthority.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Least-Authority-Worldcoin-MPC-Protocol-for-Uniqueness-Check-Final-Audit-Report.pdf.

Least Authority / SMPC Protocol Second Review / Final Audit Report, 22 November 2024

• Object: Review of changes to the SMPC protocol, covering the transition from 2 to 3 computation nodes, the use of GPU clusters, encrypted inter-node communication and state synchronisation between GPU devices, databases and MPC nodes.
• Results: No issues were identified in the lifting and comparison algorithms, no severe issues in the randomness approach and no issues in query processing or state synchronisation. Suggestions included strengthening the HKDF salt, improving security documentation and ensuring encrypted and authenticated channels during network upgrade communication.
• Actions: The HKDF salt suggestion was resolved. Other suggestions had mixed statuses, with some partially resolved and others awaiting further documentation or protocol clarification. Links: https://leastauthority.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Least-Authority-Worldcoin-SMPC-Protocol-2nd-Review-Final-Audit-Report.pdf.

Least Authority / SMPC Protocol Third Review / Updated Final Audit Report, 25 February 2025

• Object: Review of changes since the second review, covering encryption and decryption of iris-code shares, serialisation and deserialisation updates, batching changes, randomness seeding improvements and key-management changes.
• Results: The implementation was assessed as well-organised and consistent with Rust development best practice. Test coverage was sufficient; no dependency vulnerabilities were found. Two suggestions were made: producing a documented protocol specification and reconsidering the representation of iris-code distances.
• Actions: The protocol-specification suggestion was resolved. The distance-representation suggestion remained at the planned stage. Links: https://leastauthority.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Least-Authority-Worldcoin-SMPC-Protocol-3rd-Review-Updated-Final-Audit-Report.pdf.

Market volatility and price formation

WLD is subject to material price volatility arising from broader cryptocurrency market conditions, macroeconomic factors, adoption of World Network, project-specific developments and market manipulation, including wash-trading and self-dealing. Published market prices may not reflect prices available or obtainable in any particular jurisdiction. WLD is not legal tender, not backed by any government or central bank and not an investment product. No expectation of future value or price appreciation is guaranteed or should be assumed.

Liquidity and venue access

Liquidity for WLD depends on the depth and availability of trading venues, swap pools, applications and payment channels willing to support WLD. Delistings, regional access restrictions, thin on-chain liquidity or limited market participation can widen spreads, impair price discovery and restrict the ability to execute at any particular price. WLD distribution is restricted in the State of New York and other territories identified in the World terms of use, which constrains the effective user base and addressable market in those jurisdictions.

Transaction finality and failed execution

Confirmed on-chain transfers of WLD are final at the protocol level. Mistaken, fraudulent or misdirected transfers cannot be reversed by World, World Foundation or any affiliated entity. Blockchain transactions may also fail, be delayed or produce unexpected results depending on network conditions. WLD transferred to an incompatible address, an unsupported chain, or an exchange or wallet that does not recognise the token may be permanently inaccessible.

Fees, tax and no statutory compensation

Network fees paid to execute WLD transactions are non-refundable regardless of outcome. The tax treatment of WLD is uncertain across many jurisdictions and may generate capital gains, income tax or reporting obligations. WLD is not covered by investor compensation schemes under Directive 97/9/EC, deposit guarantee schemes under Directive 2014/49/EU, the FDIC, the SIPC or any equivalent framework.

Delisting Risks

Bitstamp Europe S.A. might remove the token from trading in line with Bitstamp Markets Trading Rules.

Legal-entity and stewardship concentration

World Foundation, the sole director entity of the World Assets, Ltd entity. It is an exempted limited guarantee foundation company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, acts as steward of the World protocol. It has no owners or shareholders and is governed by a board of four directors. Strategic influence over protocol direction, token governance and the pace of community token distribution is concentrated in this structure until decentralised governance is implemented. The DAO governance pathway provided for in the Foundation's founding documents has not yet been operationalised, and the timeline for progressive decentralisation is not fixed.

Token distribution administration

World Assets Limited, a business company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands, is responsible for distributing the 75% WLD allocation designated to the World Network community. World Foundation is its sole member and director. Individual grant arrangements may carry vesting periods, lock-up schedules, transfer restrictions, termination provisions and clawback rights. Significant distributions from vesting contracts or hot wallets can affect circulating supply and may create market impact when large quantities become transferable.

Service discretion and access restriction

“World” ecosystem, including the World Assets, Ltd., may modify, suspend, restrict or discontinue features — including World App functionality, grant eligibility and access to World Chain services — where legal, compliance or misuse concerns arise. These changes can affect a user's access to WLD-related services without altering the underlying token contract or any on-chain WLD balances.

Data governance and compliance obligations

“World” processes wallet addresses, transaction records, device information, rewards data and public blockchain data for purposes including anti-money laundering and sanctions screening, fraud prevention and service operations. Failures in these processes, security breaches or adverse regulatory determinations regarding data handling could disrupt operations, create legal liability and reduce user retention.

Absence of ownership and claim rights

WLD confers no ownership rights, equity interest, dividend entitlement, revenue sharing, voting rights in any legal entity, or claim against World Foundation, World Assets Limited or any other entity. Holders rely entirely on the token's market acceptance and practical utility rather than any enforceable legal or financial claim.

Utility and demand dependency

WLD utility depends on sustained adoption of World Network, including continued use of World App, World ID integrations, Mini Apps and merchant or platform acceptance. Insufficient developer activity, user growth or commercial integration reduces practical demand for WLD independently of any change to the token contract.

Supply and unlock dynamics

The initial WLD supply cap of 10,000,000,000 tokens is enforced by the non-upgradable token smart contract. The release of tokens from vesting contracts and cold-wallet holdings is governed by World Foundation's discretion within the published lock-up schedule. Significant distributions can increase circulating supply in ways that affect market conditions. Any protocol-level inflation commences no earlier than 24 July 2038 and is capped at 1.5% per annum by the smart contract, but its activation and allocation are determined by protocol governance.

Large wallet and distribution concentration

World Foundation and World Assets Limited hold the substantial majority of total WLD supply across Ethereum, World Chain and Optimism in cold and hot wallet arrangements. Transfers from these wallets — including ecosystem distributions, grants, liquidity provisioning and operational disbursements — can affect available liquidity and market perception.

Custody and irreversibility

Self-custody of WLD requires secure management of the wallet private key or seed phrase. Loss, destruction, compromise or disclosure of the private key to an unauthorised party results in permanent and irretrievable loss of control over WLD at that address. World, World Foundation and Tools for Humanity cannot recover tokens or reverse on-chain transfers.

Regulatory exposure

The regulatory classification and treatment of WLD and the World protocol remain uncertain across multiple jurisdictions. Adverse determinations regarding unlawful verification methods, securities classification, licensing requirements or sanctions compliance could restrict WLD distribution, limit exchange listings, affect service providers or require changes to network operations in affected jurisdictions. Regulatory developments in one jurisdiction can also influence treatment in others.

Development and adoption risk

World Network and WLD are experimental technologies under active development. The project may not achieve the user adoption, developer participation or commercial integration necessary for WLD to have practical utility at scale. Protocol changes, governance delays, low adoption or underperformance against declared objectives may reduce WLD's practical utility independently of any change to the token contract.

Orb production and servicing dependency

World ID verification using the Orb depends on the continued manufacture, geographic deployment, software maintenance and servicing of Orb hardware devices. Manufacturing disruptions, supply chain constraints, inadequate servicing capacity or software failures can reduce verification throughput and limit the growth of the World ID user base, directly affecting WLD distribution eligibility and network participation.

World ID privacy implementation and user trust

World ID verification involves the collection of iris biometric data, the generation of encrypted Personal Custody Packages and the transfer of those packages to the user's device. Errors in implementation, failures in image deletion after transfer or deficiencies in the underlying cryptographic processing could expose sensitive biometric information contrary to the stated privacy design, reduce user trust and impair both World ID adoption and WLD claiming activity.

Planned feature deployment risk

Priority Blockspace for Humans and the Gas Allowance for Humans are described in World Chain's official technical documentation as features under active development, not fully deployed as of the date of this white paper. Delays, design changes or failure to deliver these features as currently described could affect the user experience for verified participants on World Chain, including gas-free transaction execution and priority transaction ordering over automated systems.

Third-party operational dependencies

World Network depends on Tools for Humanity for the manufacture, geographic deployment and software maintenance of Orb devices. The identification and vetting of Orb operators relies on third-party providers. Disruption, policy changes, operational failures or security incidents affecting these parties can impair verification throughput, reduce onboarding capacity and affect the growth of the World ID user base on which WLD distribution eligibility depends.

Third-party infrastructure dependency

World Chain users and applications depend on third-party bridge providers, oracle price feeds, RPC node providers, block explorers and paymaster services. Provider outages, stale data, policy changes or integration failures can impair token balance visibility, transaction execution, application behaviour and cross-chain movement of WLD independently of the World Chain protocol.

Smart-contract and protocol logic defects

WLD and the World protocol rely on smart contracts, protocol logic and cryptographic systems. Coding errors, unintended interactions or integration vulnerabilities can affect token transfers, grant distribution, bridging, World ID verification and related operations. The WLD token contract is non-upgradable; if a critical vulnerability were discovered in the deployed contract, there is no mechanism to patch or replace it without migrating to a new contract and coordinating a token migration across all holders and venues.

Ethereum base-layer and World Chain dependency

WLD on Ethereum Mainnet depends on Ethereum's proof-of-stake consensus, which requires votes representing at least two thirds of total staked ETH to achieve finality. Consensus disruptions, 51% attacks or prolonged network instability on Ethereum would affect WLD settlement on Mainnet and, through the data availability and settlement relationship, World Chain as well. These risks compound existing exposure to Ethereum client software defects and protocol-level bugs.

Bridge security and withdrawal timing

Native withdrawal of WLD from World Chain to Ethereum requires the OP Stack fault proof period to elapse, which takes approximately 7 days. During this window, a disputed state root may be challenged before it is finalised. Use of third-party bridge providers instead of the native bridge introduces additional smart-contract and counterparty risks. Depositing WLD or other assets to an unsupported chain, wallet or exchange can result in permanent loss of funds.

Bridge and system-contract administration

World Chain deploys a set of system contracts on Ethereum Mainnet governing bridge messaging, dispute resolution, chain configuration and protocol administration, including the ProxyAdmin, L1StandardBridgeProxy, DisputeGameFactoryProxy and SystemConfigProxy. Owner-controlled functions in these contracts — including bridge root history management and ProxyAdmin upgrades — create administration risk if access keys, signing roles or upgrade procedures are compromised or misconfigured.

World Chain and L2 implementation dependency

WLD activity on World Chain depends on OP Stack infrastructure, including the sequencer which is a single entity operated by World Chain LLC, the bridge, the batch-submission mechanism and Ethereum's settlement and data availability layer. Sequencer downtime, bridge disruptions, data-availability failures or interruptions in Ethereum settlement can affect the ability to execute WLD transfers and bridge between networks, even if Ethereum Mainnet itself remains operational.

Orb device and software attack surface

The Orb comprises device-level software, an operating system, biometric sensors, networking interfaces and update mechanisms. Independent security reviews by Trail of Bits (2023) and Theori/ChainLight (2025) identified findings including historical QR processing vulnerabilities, HTTP client configuration issues, broad socket permissions and deserialisation risks. Not all identified findings were fully remediated at the time of the respective reviews' publication, and ongoing Orb software development may introduce new attack surface.

Biometric and privacy-processing security

World ID verification depends on secure handling of iris images, iris codes, encrypted Personal Custody Packages and AMPC computation fragments. Misconfiguration, implementation defects or future changes in the processing pipeline could expose biometric or personal data contrary to the stated privacy design, or impair the privacy guarantees on which user trust and regulatory compliance depend.

Public blockchain traceability

All WLD transfers on Ethereum Mainnet, World Chain and Optimism are permanently recorded on public ledgers, including wallet addresses, transfer amounts and timestamps. While World ID verification uses zero-knowledge proofs that do not expose identity, WLD transfer activity itself is not private. This on-chain transparency allows third parties to analyse holdings, transfer patterns and wallet associations, creating traceability and surveillance risk for holders.

Cyberattack and consensus threats

World Network, WLD and the chains on which it operates face risks from theft, malware, denial-of-service attacks, consensus manipulation, Sybil attacks, 51% attacks, double-spending attempts and social engineering. These threats can disrupt token access, settlement, application functionality or confidence in the protocol. The World App, World ID infrastructure and World Chain smart contracts each represent distinct attack surfaces.

Oracle, RPC and explorer dependency

World Chain applications may depend on external oracle price feeds, RPC node providers and block explorers for accurate state data and transaction submission. Stale oracle data, provider outages, explorer parsing errors or deliberate data manipulation can distort application state, prevent transaction submission or generate incorrect price references in applications built on World Chain.

Quantum computing threat

WLD transactions on Ethereum Mainnet and World Chain are signed using the secp256k1 elliptic curve and the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm. A sufficiently powerful quantum computer executing Shor's algorithm could derive a private key from its corresponding public key, which is permanently visible on-chain for any account that has previously broadcast a signed transaction. A March 2026 research paper estimated that circuits requiring fewer than 500,000 physical qubits could be sufficient to break secp256k1 — a material reduction from prior estimates — though current quantum hardware does not approach this threshold. Ethereum's consensus layer also relies on BLS signatures, which are similarly vulnerable to quantum attacks. No post-quantum cryptographic upgrade has been deployed at the Ethereum protocol level or on World Chain as of the date of this white paper, and the non-upgradable WLD token contract cannot independently adopt new cryptographic standards if the underlying signing infrastructure changes.

Offer-Related Risks

• Transaction finality and failed execution: WLD transfers on World Chain and Ethereum are publicly verifiable in real time through worldscan.org and etherscan.io respectively. The World App wallet does not hold or control user private keys; no intermediary can initiate, reverse or intercept a transfer on a user's behalf.

Issuer-Related Risks

• Legal-entity and stewardship concentration: World Foundation has no owners or shareholders, is governed by four directors who owe statutory fiduciary duties under Cayman Islands law, and its founding documents bind the Board to carry out DAO community recommendations through a defined procedural pathway, subject to those duties and applicable law.
• Token distribution administration: The release of all 7,500,000,000 World Community tokens from the pre-launch mint is governed by four independent vesting smart contracts on Ethereum Mainnet, making the release schedule on-chain enforced and publicly auditable. Main wallet addresses for World Foundation and World Assets Limited across Ethereum, World Chain and Optimism are publicly disclosed, enabling independent monitoring of holdings and transfer activity.
• Service discretion and access restriction: On-chain WLD balances held in externally owned accounts are unaffected by modifications, suspensions or restrictions applied to World App, World Chain services or other interfaces. Administrative changes to service availability do not alter token balances or transfer rights at the protocol level.
• Data governance and compliance obligations: World's privacy framework defines the categories of data processed, the legal bases and purposes of processing, the service providers with whom data is shared and the safeguards applied to cross-border data transfers.

Crypto-Assets-Related Risks

• Supply and unlock dynamics: The initial supply cap of 10,000,000,000 WLD tokens and the 1.5% annual inflation ceiling are enforced directly by the non-upgradable token smart contract; no party, including the issuer, can alter these parameters. The 15-year moratorium on inflation is locked in contract code and cannot be shortened by governance action before 24 July 2038.
• Large wallet and distribution concentration: Main wallet addresses for World Foundation and World Assets Limited on Ethereum, World Chain and Optimism are publicly disclosed in the official WLD whitepaper, enabling independent monitoring of large-wallet holdings and transfers through public block explorers.
• Custody and irreversibility: WLD is held in externally owned accounts on EVM-compatible chains; private keys are maintained solely on the user's device and are never accessible to World or Tools for Humanity. Private keys may be exported from World App and imported into any secp256k1-compatible hardware wallet, including Ledger and Trezor, for cold-storage isolation.

Project Implementation-Related Risks

• Orb production and servicing dependency: Orb security measures include hardware-level cryptographic signing, encrypted data transit and RAM-only biometric processing. Core Orb hardware designs are open source, and the bug bounty program covers Orb hardware and software within its defined scope, providing a continuous external disclosure channel for device-level vulnerabilities.
• World ID privacy implementation and user trust: The Personal Custody Protocol encrypts Orb-generated iris images and transmits the encrypted package to the user's device before deletion from the Orb. Anonymised AMPC computation fragments are distributed across separate AMPC partners under a secret-sharing scheme that prevents any single party from reconstructing the original biometric data. Independent SMPC reviews by Least Authority in 2024 and 2025 confirmed that audited processing flows did not persist plaintext biometric data.
• Third-party infrastructure dependency: World Chain documentation identifies multiple independent providers in each infrastructure category — bridges, oracle feeds, RPC nodes, block explorers and paymasters. Provider diversity reduces single-provider dependency for applications requiring continued chain access and state visibility.

Technology-Related Risks

• Smart-contract and protocol logic defects: Independent smart-contract audits of the World protocol were conducted by Nethermind in 2023; the WLD ERC-20 contract and associated vesting wallet were in scope, with 24 of 26 findings confirmed as fixed, one mitigated and one acknowledged. All World protocol smart contracts are published as open-source code. The non-upgradable nature of the WLD token contract eliminates the attack surface of a compromisable upgrade key, preventing any post-deployment administrative modification by any party.
• World Chain and L2 implementation dependency: World Chain system contracts on both World Chain Mainnet and Ethereum Mainnet are publicly published, enabling independent monitoring of bridge, sequencer batch submission and dispute game activity. The node setup documentation supports independent full and archive node operation, reducing dependence on a single infrastructure provider.
• Bridge security and withdrawal timing: The approximately 7-day native withdrawal period for transfers from World Chain to Ethereum is a structural security property of the OP Stack fault proof mechanism, providing a defined challenge window before an L2 state root is finalised on Ethereum. The DisputeGameFactoryProxy and Challenger contracts on Ethereum Mainnet implement the dispute infrastructure for this window.
• Bridge and system-contract administration: World Chain system contract addresses on both World Chain Mainnet and Ethereum Mainnet are publicly published. Public block explorers at worldscan.org and etherscan.io enable independent monitoring of bridge state, ProxyAdmin activity, batch submission cadence and dispute game events.
• Orb device and software attack surface: Trail of Bits (2023) and Theori/ChainLight (2025) conducted independent security reviews of the Orb. Confirmed remediated findings include replacement of the ZBar QR library with a more robust alternative, systemd service restart configuration for essential processes and SECCOMP allow-listing for the secure element. Core Orb hardware designs are open source.
• Biometric and privacy-processing security: Independent SMPC protocol reviews by Least Authority in 2024 and 2025 confirmed that audited Orb processing flows did not expose iris codes or biometric data in plaintext outside the device. Encrypted Personal Custody Packages are decryptable only on the user's device; no server-side party, including Worldcoin or Tools for Humanity, holds a decryption key.
• Cyberattack and consensus threats: Tools for Humanity operates a public bug bounty program on HackerOne covering the World protocol, World App, World ID smart contracts, Orb hardware and software, web applications, APIs, Mini Apps and World Chain smart contracts. Maximum rewards are $25,000 for primary-category assets and $10,000 for secondary-category assets, assessed using CVSS 4.0.

Bitstamp Europe S.A.

549300XIBGTJ0PLIEO72

Worldcoin

WLD has no independent consensus mechanism. It inherits the consensus and finality properties of the network on which each relevant transaction is executed.

Ethereum Mainnet

Ethereum uses proof-of-stake consensus. Validators deposit ETH into the staking contract and are responsible for proposing and attesting to blocks. Time is divided into 12-second slots grouped into 32-slot epochs. A single validator is randomly selected per slot to propose a block; committees of other validators attest to block validity within the same slot. A transaction achieves finality on Ethereum when it is included in a chain linking two checkpoint epochs with a supermajority of votes representing at least two thirds of total staked ETH. A finalised block cannot be reverted without a coordinated slashing of a majority of the active validator set.

World Chain sequencing and settlement

World Chain uses the OP Stack sequencer model. A single sequencer, operated by World Chain LLC, orders transactions, produces blocks at 2-second intervals and submits batches of transaction data to Ethereum. Soft confirmation for WLD transfers on World Chain is available within seconds of submission. Ethereum-anchored security is achieved once batch data is settled on Ethereum and the associated fault dispute window has elapsed without a successful challenge. The DisputeGameFactoryProxy and Challenger contracts on Ethereum Mainnet provide the fault dispute infrastructure. WLD transfers do not depend on a WLD-specific validator set; security derives from Ethereum through the OP Stack fault dispute mechanism.

See H.5

2026-01-01

2026-06-02

Data provided by the MiCA Crypto Alliance as a third party, with no deviations from the calculation guidance of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2025/422, Article 6(5).
Full methodology available at : www.micacryptoalliance.com/methodologies

Data provided by the MiCA Crypto Alliance as a third party, with no deviations from the calculation guidance of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2025/422, Article 6(5).
Full methodology available at: www.micacryptoalliance.com/methodologies

Data provided by the MiCA Crypto Alliance as a third party, with no deviations from the calculation guidance of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2025/422, Article 6(5).
Full methodology available at: www.micacryptoalliance.com/methodologies

Land use: 794.21601 m²

Data provided by the MiCA Crypto Alliance as a third party, with no deviations from the calculation guidance of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2025/422, Article 6(5).
Full methodology available at: www.micacryptoalliance.com/methodologies

Data provided by the MiCA Crypto Alliance as a third party, with no deviations from the calculation guidance of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2025/422, Article 6(5).
Full methodology available at: www.micacryptoalliance.com/methodologies

Data provided by the MiCA Crypto Alliance as a third party, with no deviations from the calculation guidance of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2025/422, Article 6(5). Estimates on individual node weight, hazardous components and depreciation rate are used.
Full methodology available at: www.micacryptoalliance.com/methodologies

Data provided by the MiCA Crypto Alliance as a third party, with no deviations from the calculation guidance of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2025/422, Article 6(5). Usage of natural resources is approximated through land use metrics. Land use, water use and water recycling are calculated based on energy mix-specific estimates of purchased electricity land intensity, purchased electricity water intensity, and water recycling rates.
Full methodology available at: www.micacryptoalliance.com/methodologies