[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":332},["ShallowReactive",2],{"api/learn-center-post-en-GB-understanding-modular-vs-monolithic-blockchains":3,"en-gb/learn/blockchain/understanding-modular-vs-monolithic-blockchains-en-GB-seo":63,"footer-en-GB":68,"navigation-en-GB-learn-center":241,"api/learn-categories-en-GB":292},{"seo":4,"locale":24,"breadcrumbs":25,"excerpt":33,"featuredImage":34,"components":41,"title":5,"formattedPublishedAt":56,"geofencings":57,"category":58,"pagination":60,"campaignExternalId":7},{"title":5,"metaTitle":5,"metaDescription":6,"keywords":7,"metaRobots":7,"structuredData":8,"metaImage":9,"metaSocial":17,"canonicalURL":7,"localizations":18},"Understanding Modular vs. Monolithic Blockchains","Modular blockchains separate functions into layers for scalability, while monolithic designs handle all operations on-chain, prioritizing security over flexibility.",null,{},{"url":10,"mime":11,"ext":12,"width":13,"height":14,"name":15,"alt":16},"bitstampImageUrl/understanding_modular_vs_monolithic_blockchains_165ce74eb6_f61cf44367.png","image/png",".png",900,451,"understanding_modular_vs_monolithic_blockchains_165ce74eb6.png","",[],[19,22],{"pathname":20,"locale":21},"/learn/blockchain/understanding-modular-vs-monolithic-blockchains/","en",{"pathname":23,"locale":24},"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/understanding-modular-vs-monolithic-blockchains/","en-GB",[26,30],{"id":27,"text":28,"url":27,"asUrl":29},"/learn/blockchain/","Blockchain technology",true,{"id":31,"text":5,"url":23,"asUrl":32},"understanding-modular-vs-monolithic-blockchains",false,"\u003Cp>Modular and monolithic describe two different approaches to blockchain design.  \u003C/p>\n",{"url":35,"mime":36,"ext":37,"width":38,"height":39,"name":40,"alt":16},"bitstampImageUrl/understanding_modular_vs_monolithic_blockchains_00eca96ade_b3a99b5c5a.svg","image/svg+xml",".svg",1920,1080,"understanding_modular_vs_monolithic_blockchains_00eca96ade.svg",[42],{"component":43,"props":44,"content":49,"secondaryContent":53,"ctas":54,"secondaryCtas":55,"ctasNoMarginTop":32},"section.full-text",{"sectionId":7,"backgroundColor":45,"paddingTop":46,"paddingBottom":46,"ordering":7,"ratio":47,"centered":32,"containerSize":48,"withoutSectionContainer":29},"White","medium","1:1","normal",{"text":50,"width":51,"align":52},"\u003Cp>Since the genesis of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-bitcoin-btc/\">Bitcoin\u003C/a>, and later \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-ethereum-eth/\">Ethereum\u003C/a>, which both launched as a single layer, or monolithic, structure, blockchain developers have come up with many different solutions to the scalability \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/blockchain/what-is-the-blockchain-trilemma/\">trilemma\u003C/a>. Often, this has involved compromising on decentralization to achieve faster consensus and throughput.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Modular blockchains attempt to solve the problem by adopting a layered architecture, where different parts handle the necessary components for a blockchain system, including consensus, data availability, transaction execution, and settlement. This approach aims to be more flexible and \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/blockchain/what-is-blockchain-scaling/\">scalable\u003C/a>. The architecture contrasts with monolithic structures, where all components are handled on a single layer.   \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>What is a monolithic blockchain?\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>A monolithic blockchain can be considered as a single linear ledger of transactions, where each transaction is executed sequentially and validated by the network based on historical blockchain data. Examples of monolithic blockchains include Bitcoin and \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-solana-sol/\">Solana\u003C/a>. Ethereum adopted a monolithic structure from its launch, but following the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-the-ethereum-merge/\">Merge\u003C/a> at the end of 2022, the platform has moved towards a more modular structure.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>How does a monolithic blockchain work?\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Legacy monolithic blockchains run on four interconnected functionalities: \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/blockchain/what-is-data-availability-in-blockchain-ensuring-secure-and-accessible-on-chain-data/\">data availability\u003C/a>, transaction execution, \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/security/what-are-blockchain-consensus-rules/\">consensus\u003C/a>, and transaction settlement.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Data availability\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Monolithic blockchains store all data on-chain, so the entire transaction history is stored by all \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/what-are-bitcoin-blockchain-nodes/\">nodes\u003C/a> on the network and available for anyone to download. This makes every transaction traceable back to the genesis block and provides a way for the node network to check the validity of new transactions.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Transaction execution\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Transactions may be initiated by users or by \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/what-are-smart-contracts/\">smart contracts\u003C/a>. It’s then broadcast to the blockchain network, where a node can pick it up and verify there is sufficient balance to execute the transaction by including it in a block.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Consensus\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>The network must be able to reach \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/security/what-are-blockchain-consensus-rules/\">consensus\u003C/a> over the state of the blockchain ledger. Nodes compete to see which will win the right to produce the next block via a consensus protocol such as \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/what-is-proof-of-work-pow/\">Proof of Work\u003C/a> or \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/what-is-proof-of-stake-pos/\">Proof of Stake\u003C/a>. Consensus protocols require operators to invest “skin in the game” in the form of computing power or \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/blockchain/what-is-staking/\">staked\u003C/a> cryptocurrencies, earning them the proportional right to compete in block production while also creating an incentive to ensure transactions are valid. In this way, consensus maintains the security of the shared ledger.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Settlement\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Once the transaction has been included in a block and the network has validated the legitimacy of the block based on the ledger history via the consensus protocol, the transaction enters the blockchain ledger. Once there, it becomes an \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/security/what-is-blockchain-immutability/\">immutable\u003C/a> part of the historical blockchain data, available for validating future transactions.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Benefits of monolithic blockchains\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The main benefits of a monolithic structure are as follows.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Proven security\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>The most successful monolithic blockchains have extremely robust security with a high degree of decentralization. This makes it very costly to launch a \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/security/what-is-a-51-percent-attack/\">majority attack\u003C/a> on the network. As such, monolithic blockchains such as Bitcoin or \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-litecoin-ltc/\">Litecoin\u003C/a> are considered highly secure.   \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Simplicity\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>With all systems operating on a single layer, monolithic blockchains are relatively easy to develop and maintain. This makes it more appealing to larger pools of developers in the open-source community. \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Drawbacks of monolithic blockchains\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Despite the benefits, monolithic blockchains come with several drawbacks.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Lack of flexibility\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>The scalability challenges of legacy blockchains are well-documented, resulting from the inability to increase throughput when demand for block space is high. Even next-generation platforms like Solana, which offer superior scalability, have struggled to maintain uptime during periods of high transaction volumes.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Slow and cumbersome upgrades\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Monolithic blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum have proven extremely difficult to upgrade. Substantial changes like Bitcoin’s \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/blockchain/what-is-segregated-witness-segwit/\">SegWit\u003C/a> hard \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/exploring-bitcoin-forks/\">fork\u003C/a> or Ethereum’s Merge taking several years to research and implement.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Consensus requirements\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Sufficiently decentralized monolithic blockchains can be highly secure, but if the network is too centralized, it may be possible to launch a majority attack and compromise the blockchain ledger. In a scenario where there are an increasing number of monolithic blockchains, each requiring many network participants, there’s a risk that the strength of consensus will be diluted.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>What is a modular blockchain?\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Modular blockchains operate a different approach by segregating each of the blockchain functionalities into different systems, often called layers. The overall aim is that modular blockchains overcome the limitations of monolithic structures by being more flexible and scalable; however, they also introduce new challenges.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>How modular blockchains work\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Modular blockchains can adopt any configuration that allows them to offload one or more core tasks onto separate chains within the overall modular structure. Examples of modular blockchain structures include \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-polkadot-dot/\">Polkadot\u003C/a>, Cosmos, and EigenLayer.   \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The overall system tasks are similar to those of a monolithic structure, but how they are carried out differs in a modular structure.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Data availability\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>A modular blockchain may offload the storage and retrieval of data to a separate data availability layer. Typically, these layers will operate as a standalone Proof of Stake chain, where the network participants stake \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/crypto-coins-vs-tokens/\">tokens\u003C/a> to guarantee data availability whenever required. If they fail to deliver, they risk losing part or all of their stake.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Examples of modular data availability networks are Celestia and EigenDA.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Transaction execution\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Transaction execution may occur on a standalone chain, which offers a way to increase processing capacity since it can alleviate the burden of traffic on an underlying or connected chain.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This model underpins Ethereum’s transition from a monolithic structure to a modular ecosystem where multiple \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/blockchain/what-are-layer-2-solutions/\">Layer 2\u003C/a> platforms, such as \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-optimism-op/\">Optimism\u003C/a> and \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-arbitrum/\">Arbitrum\u003C/a>, handle transaction processing. Typically, transactions are batched for validation and settlement on the main chain. \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Consensus\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Modular systems may operate separate consensus protocols per chain; however, there is often a central or main chain that takes the role of aggregating or overseeing activities elsewhere in the ecosystem. In Ethereum, the main Beacon chain provides a consensus layer underpinning the Layer 2s, while Polkadot’s central Relay Chain plays a similar role.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Settlement\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Like consensus, settlement can also take place on Layer 2s or subsidiary chains, but typically the main chain will act as a master settlement layer to establish the final state of the blockchain, enshrining transactions in a permanent ledger.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Benefits of a modular blockchain\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Modular blockchains offer several benefits over their monolithic counterparts.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Flexibility and scalability\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>A modular structure is designed to be more flexible, scalable, and efficient. Each module is optimized for its task, which is more efficient than a generalized system and reduces the chances that any one system will become overloaded. Modularity also introduces \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/blockchain/what-is-blockchain-scaling/\">scaling\u003C/a> capabilities that aren’t possible in a monolithic system, such as parallel processing of transactions.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Shared security\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>The shared consensus and settlement layer in a modular system reduces or eliminates the need for new projects to set up their own networks and consensus from scratch. This mitigates the risk of diluting consensus across multiple protocols.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Interoperability\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Since each chain is dedicated to specific tasks, modular systems are typically designed for \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/blockchain/what-is-blockchain-interoperability-the-future-of-connected-chains/\">interoperability\u003C/a>, enabling assets and data to be sent across chains via \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/blockchain/what-are-blockchain-bridges/\">bridges\u003C/a> and interoperability protocols.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Drawbacks of a modular blockchain\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Despite their advantages, modular blockchains introduce critical challenges.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Complexity\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Modular blockchains are a significantly more complex architecture, which makes them more difficult to design and build than monolithic structures. This complexity can make it more difficult to appeal to a wide pool of developers, as well as introduce the risk of hidden bugs or vulnerabilities.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Security\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Due to the complexity, security issues can emerge in modular systems. One example is interoperability protocols such as bridges, which typically operate their own governance and have consequently become a target for attackers.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Modular vs. monolithic blockchain essentials\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>A monolithic blockchain describes a single platform that handles all tasks, including data availability, transaction execution, consensus, and settlement.  \u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The same tasks are performed in a modular blockchain, but separate, connected chains may carry out some or all tasks.  \u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>While monolithic blockchains are highly secure, they are typically inflexible. Modular structures aim for flexibility and adaptability but come with some complexity.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n","full","left",{"text":16,"width":51,"align":52},[],[],"April 29th, 2025",{},{"title":28,"url":27,"geofencings":59},{},{"previous":61,"next":62},"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/the-role-of-blockchain-technology-in-supply-chain-management/","/en-gb/learn/blockchain/unpacking-complexities-around-cryptos-energy-consumption/",{"description":6,"ogDescription":6,"ogImage":64,"twitterImage":64,"twitterSite":65,"twitterCreator":65,"twitterCard":66,"twitterTitle":5,"twitterDescription":6,"titleTemplate":67},"https://assets.bitstamp.net/msc/_ipx/enlarge_true&f_png&fit_cover&q_85&s_1200x630/bitstampImageUrl/understanding_modular_vs_monolithic_blockchains_165ce74eb6_f61cf44367.png","@Bitstamp","summary_large_image","%s",{"ready":29,"sections":69,"disclaimer":239,"copyright":240},[70,108,121,144,181,200],{"title":71,"content":16,"items":72},"About",[73,78,83,88,93,98,103],{"noFollow":29,"isExternal":32,"name":74,"value":75,"isEmail":32,"isPhoneNumber":32,"isText":32,"showOnDesktop":29,"showOnMobile":29,"attachment":76,"geofencings":77},"Who We 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Kingdom",{},{},{"title":201,"content":16,"items":202},"Contact",[203,208,212,216,220,224,229,234],{"noFollow":32,"isExternal":32,"name":204,"value":205,"isEmail":32,"isPhoneNumber":32,"isText":32,"showOnDesktop":29,"showOnMobile":29,"attachment":206,"geofencings":207},"Customer support","/customer-support/",{},{},{"noFollow":32,"isExternal":32,"name":209,"value":209,"isEmail":29,"isPhoneNumber":32,"isText":32,"showOnDesktop":29,"showOnMobile":29,"attachment":210,"geofencings":211},"info@bitstamp.net",{},{},{"noFollow":32,"isExternal":32,"name":213,"value":213,"isEmail":29,"isPhoneNumber":32,"isText":32,"showOnDesktop":29,"showOnMobile":29,"attachment":214,"geofencings":215},"press@bitstamp.net",{},{},{"noFollow":32,"isExternal":32,"name":217,"value":217,"isEmail":29,"isPhoneNumber":32,"isText":32,"showOnDesktop":29,"showOnMobile":29,"attachment":218,"geofencings":219},"support@bitstamp.net",{},{},{"noFollow":32,"isExternal":32,"name":221,"value":221,"isEmail":29,"isPhoneNumber":32,"isText":32,"showOnDesktop":29,"showOnMobile":29,"attachment":222,"geofencings":223},"complaints@bitstamp.net",{},{},{"noFollow":32,"isExternal":32,"name":225,"value":226,"isEmail":32,"isPhoneNumber":29,"isText":32,"showOnDesktop":29,"showOnMobile":29,"attachment":227,"geofencings":228},"+44 20 3868 9628","+442038689628",{},{},{"noFollow":32,"isExternal":32,"name":230,"value":231,"isEmail":32,"isPhoneNumber":29,"isText":32,"showOnDesktop":29,"showOnMobile":29,"attachment":232,"geofencings":233},"+1 800 712 5702","+18007125702",{},{},{"noFollow":32,"isExternal":32,"name":235,"value":236,"isEmail":32,"isPhoneNumber":29,"isText":32,"showOnDesktop":29,"showOnMobile":29,"attachment":237,"geofencings":238},"+352 20 88 10 96","+35220881096",{},{},"\u003Cp>Please read the general \u003Ca href=\"/legal/risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Warning\u003C/a>, and \u003Ca href=\"/legal/uk-investment-risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Summary\u003C/a> for UK residents before investing in crypto-assets. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Crypto-assets services are provided by the following Bitstamp legal entities depending on client residency: (1) Bitstamp Europe S.A., which is authorized by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) in Luxembourg as a payment institution (licence number Z00000012) and crypto-asset service provider (licence number N00000003); Registered address: 40, avenue Monterey, L-2163 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; Registration number: B196856; (2) Bitstamp UK Ltd., which is registered with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK for the provision of certain cryptoassets activities under the Money Laundering Regulations (Firm Reference Number 978690); Registered address: 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom; Registration number: 14174243; (3) Bitstamp Ltd.with its registered address at 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom and registration number: 8157033; (4) Bitstamp Global Ltd., which is registered as a Virtual Asset Service Provider in the British Virgin Islands and is supervised by the British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission (FSC); Registered address: Floor 4, Banco Popular Building, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, British Virgin Islands; Registered number: 2086429; and (5) Bitstamp Asia Pte Ltd, which is authorized by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) as a major payment institution (licence number PS20200667); Registered address: 63 Chulia Street, OCBC Centre East, #15-01, Singapore 049514; Registered number: 202016687K;\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Virtual currency services to US residents are provided by Bitstamp USA, Inc., which is licensed to engage in virtual currency business activity by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Licensed as a Money Transmitter by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Review a \u003Ca href=\"/legal/usa-inc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">list of its licenses and other registrations\u003C/a> (NMLS number \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">1905429\u003C/a>) for more information; Registered address: 85 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America; Registered number: 5481543.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Investment services with regards to trading in crypto derivatives are provided by Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd., which is authorized and supervised by the Slovenian Securities Market Agency (ATVP) as a MiFiD investment firm. Trading crypto derivatives carries significant risks and may result in substantial losses. Please trade responsibly and ensure you understand the associated risks. You can find more about the risks \u003Ca href=\"/legal/financial-services/general-terms-and-conditions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>. To help you understand the risks involved we have put together a series of \u003Ca href=\"/derivatives/key-information-documents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Key Information Documents (KIDs)\u003C/a> highlighting the risks and rewards related to each derivatives contract. Crypto derivatives trading is not available to customers in the US, Canada, Japan and some other countries. Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd. does not provide crypto-asset services.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To find out more about which Bitstamp entity you receive services from, please check the Profile/My information in your Bitstamp account. You can read more about our legal terms, policies and disclosures \u003Ca href=\"/legal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n","\u003Cp>All rights reserved © 2026 Bitstamp by Robinhood. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">NMLS #1905429\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\n",{"items":242,"ready":29,"platformButtonText":288,"backButtonText":289,"logInButtonText":290,"signUpButtonText":291},[243,248,254,257,261,266,271,274,279,284],{"headerName":244,"sidemenuName":125,"url":245,"noFollow":32,"showInHeader":29,"showInSidemenu":29,"geofencings":246,"submenu":247,"tag":16},"Institutions","/en-gb/institutional-trading/",{},[],{"headerName":249,"sidemenuName":249,"url":250,"noFollow":32,"showInHeader":29,"showInSidemenu":29,"geofencings":251,"submenu":252,"tag":253},"Derivatives","/perpetual-futures/",{},[],"NEW",{"headerName":140,"sidemenuName":140,"url":141,"noFollow":32,"showInHeader":29,"showInSidemenu":29,"geofencings":255,"submenu":256,"tag":16},{},[],{"headerName":258,"sidemenuName":258,"url":113,"noFollow":32,"showInHeader":29,"showInSidemenu":29,"geofencings":259,"submenu":260,"tag":16},"Mobile App",{},[],{"headerName":262,"sidemenuName":262,"url":263,"noFollow":32,"showInHeader":29,"showInSidemenu":29,"geofencings":264,"submenu":265,"tag":16},"Markets","/markets/",{},[],{"headerName":267,"sidemenuName":267,"url":268,"noFollow":32,"showInHeader":29,"showInSidemenu":29,"geofencings":269,"submenu":270,"tag":16},"Earn Stake","/en-gb/crypto-staking/",{},[],{"headerName":117,"sidemenuName":117,"url":118,"noFollow":32,"showInHeader":29,"showInSidemenu":29,"geofencings":272,"submenu":273,"tag":16},{},[],{"headerName":275,"sidemenuName":275,"url":276,"noFollow":32,"showInHeader":29,"showInSidemenu":29,"geofencings":277,"submenu":278,"tag":16},"Blog","https://blog.bitstamp.net/",{},[],{"headerName":280,"sidemenuName":280,"url":281,"noFollow":32,"showInHeader":29,"showInSidemenu":29,"geofencings":282,"submenu":283,"tag":16},"Learn","/learn/",{},[],{"headerName":285,"sidemenuName":285,"url":113,"noFollow":32,"showInHeader":32,"showInSidemenu":29,"geofencings":286,"submenu":287,"tag":16},"Get Bitstamp by Robinhood app",{},[],"Go to platform","Back","Log in","Get started",[293,296,300,304,308,312,316,320,324,328],{"title":28,"url":294,"geofencings":295},"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/",{},{"title":297,"url":298,"geofencings":299},"Company profiles","/en-gb/learn/company-profiles/",{},{"title":301,"url":302,"geofencings":303},"Crypto 101","/en-gb/learn/crypto-101/",{},{"title":305,"url":306,"geofencings":307},"Crypto definitions","/en-gb/learn/crypto-definitions/",{},{"title":309,"url":310,"geofencings":311},"Crypto trading","/en-gb/learn/crypto-trading/",{},{"title":313,"url":314,"geofencings":315},"Cryptocurrency guide","/en-gb/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/",{},{"title":317,"url":318,"geofencings":319},"People profiles","/en-gb/learn/people-profiles/",{},{"title":321,"url":322,"geofencings":323},"Security","/en-gb/learn/security/",{},{"title":325,"url":326,"geofencings":327},"Tutorials","/en-gb/learn/bitstamp-tutorials/",{},{"title":329,"url":330,"geofencings":331},"Web3","/en-gb/learn/web3/",{},1776263827055]