[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":332},["ShallowReactive",2],{"api/learn-center-post-en-GB-what-are-modular-blockchains":3,"en-gb/learn/blockchain/what-are-modular-blockchains-en-GB-seo":63,"footer-en-GB":68,"navigation-en-GB-learn-center":241,"api/learn-categories-en-GB":292},{"seo":4,"locale":28,"breadcrumbs":29,"excerpt":37,"featuredImage":38,"components":45,"title":5,"formattedPublishedAt":56,"geofencings":57,"category":58,"pagination":60,"campaignExternalId":8},{"title":5,"metaTitle":6,"metaDescription":7,"keywords":8,"metaRobots":8,"structuredData":9,"metaImage":10,"metaSocial":18,"canonicalURL":8,"localizations":19},"What are Modular Blockchains?","What are Modular Blockchains? - Blockchain Technology","Modular blockchains aim to address blockchain scalability by offloading tasks such as consensus or transaction execution to other chains.",null,{},{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},"bitstampImageUrl/What_are_modular_blockchains_1png_028c67284a_5c6b345be4.png","image/png",".png",743,381,"What_are_modular_blockchains_1png_028c67284a.png","",[],[20,23,26],{"pathname":21,"locale":22},"/learn/blockchain/what-are-modular-blockchains/","en",{"pathname":24,"locale":25},"/es/learn/blockchain/what-are-modular-blockchains/","es",{"pathname":27,"locale":28},"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/what-are-modular-blockchains/","en-GB",[30,34],{"id":31,"text":32,"url":31,"asUrl":33},"/learn/blockchain/","Blockchain technology",true,{"id":35,"text":5,"url":27,"asUrl":36},"what-are-modular-blockchains",false,"\u003Cp>Modular blockchains aim to address blockchain scalability by offloading tasks such as consensus or transaction execution to other chains.\u003C/p>\n",{"url":39,"mime":40,"ext":41,"width":42,"height":43,"name":44,"alt":17},"bitstampImageUrl/What_are_modular_blockchainssvg_5109310e63_128c958540.svg","image/svg+xml",".svg",1676,858,"What_are_modular_blockchainssvg_5109310e63.svg",[46],{"component":47,"props":48,"content":49,"secondaryContent":53,"ctas":54,"secondaryCtas":55,"ctasNoMarginTop":36},"section.full-text",{"centered":36,"withoutSectionContainer":36},{"text":50,"width":51,"align":52},"\u003Cp>Modular blockchains aim to address blockchain scalability by offloading tasks such as consensus or transaction execution to other chains.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>A legacy blockchain such as Bitcoin is effectively a ledger of transactions grouped in blocks, where each block is linked cryptographically to its predecessor to form an immutable chain. \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/crypto-101/what-is-crypto-mining/\">Miners\u003C/a> verify each transaction, parsing block data to ensure that account balances reconcile.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This system encompasses four core functions that the blockchain must fulfill. They are execution, settlement, data availability, and \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/security/how-is-decentralized-consensus-achieved/\">consensus\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Execution\u003C/strong> describes transaction processing, which can be initiated by a user signing a wallet transaction or by a \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/crypto-101/what-are-smart-contracts/\">smart contract\u003C/a> that executes automatically based on defined parameters.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Settlement\u003C/strong> describes the point when a transaction has been inscribed to the blockchain and is considered final such that it cannot be rolled back.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Data availability\u003C/strong> refers to the need for a blockchain to store historical data, which is required to validate transactions. Over time, a blockchain accumulates more transactions and, thus, more data, which must be available to the network.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Consensus\u003C/strong> refers to the mechanism for a decentralized network to reach an agreement on the new state of the blockchain following the addition of each new block of transactions.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>\u003Cstrong>Monolithic versus Modular Blockchains\u003C/strong>\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Legacy blockchains were designed to handle all of these functions within a single layer. As such, they are often called “monolithic blockchains.” However, as blockchain technology has become more adopted, legacy blockchains have struggled to \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/what-is-blockchain-scaling/\">scale\u003C/a>. A larger network can make consensus more secure since it’s more difficult to coordinate an attack. However, more network participants can stingy it takes longer to achieve consensus, constraining throughput. Similarly, as the amount of blockchain data to parse grows over time, it takes longer for each validator to verify a transaction.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>A modular blockchain setup, where one or more tasks are delegated to a separate chain, has emerged as a solution.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Ethereum’s Journey from Monolithic to Modular\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-ethereum-eth/\">Ethereum’s\u003C/a> scalability journey demonstrates how a project can move from being a monolithic to a modular blockchain. It was conceived as a monolithic structure, operating under the \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/crypto-101/what-is-proof-of-work-pow/\">proof of work\u003C/a> consensus.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>However, over time, Layer 2 projects have emerged that operate as an execution layer. These layers offer a faster throughput than Ethereum since they only handle execution and allow Ethereum to act as a settlement and consensus layer.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Since Layer 2s also offer an alternative to Ethereum for faster execution, they can help to alleviate traffic on the Ethereum chain.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Over recent years, Ethereum itself has also moved to a modular structure. This transition began with the “\u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-the-ethereum-merge/\">Merge\u003C/a>” to the Beacon chain in 2022 when the platform moved from proof of work to proof of stake as a preliminary step to modularity. The 2024 “\u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/what-is-the-ethereum-cancun-deneb-upgrade/\">Dencun\u003C/a>” upgrade introduces proto-danksharding, where data will be segmented across multiple “shard” chains. The completion of this upgrade marks Ethereum’s transition to a modular blockchain since the Beacon chain will no longer handle all of the four core functions of the Ethereum ecosystem.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Some blockchain ecosystems are complete and modular by design. The most prominent example is Celestia, which provides a data availability and consensus layer to Layer 2 blockchains.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Pros of a modular blockchain\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>There are several advantages to a modular blockchain infrastructure over a monolithic one.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Scalability\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Improving scalability was the main motivation for developing modular blockchains. A monolithic blockchain only has a single layer to handle all tasks and is limited to linear processing. In contrast, a modular structure can be far more efficient since it separates out tasks such as execution and data availability. In this way, it can enable parallel processing with far higher transaction-per-second throughput.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>A further benefit of improving scalability is reducing transaction fees, which can be achieved by reducing the computing power needed to parse the blockchain. Increasing throughput also creates less of a supply constraint on block space, reducing the opportunity for prices to spike during times of high demand.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Adaptability\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Upgrading a monolithic blockchain is a monumental task, as the longevity of the Ethereum roadmap illustrates. Changing any single element of the system can impact other processes downstream, meaning that changes are slow to test and develop.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In contrast, modular blockchains can be more adaptable and easier to upgrade since the modular components can be upgraded independently of one another. They also allow developers to choose combinations of the most suitable layers for their needs, optimizing for factors such as speed or security.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Interoperability\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Modular blockchains also tend to prioritize interoperability by design, allowing for the transfer of data and assets across connected networks via communication protocols such as \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/what-are-blockchain-bridges/\">bridges\u003C/a>. This also offers more flexibility for developers to build \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/exploring-decentralized-applications-dapps/\">dApps\u003C/a> that operate across multiple ecosystems.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Cons of a modular blockchain\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Despite their advantages, there are still several drawbacks to using modular systems over monolithic ones.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Security\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Monolithic blockchains maintain security based on a single layer using consensus. However, modular blockchain structures can suffer from points of weakness in consensus, particularly when one system is bridged into another. The increase in traffic on modular systems in recent years has resulted in bridges becoming targets for hackers, with notable incidents such as the attacks on the \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-solana-sol/\">Solana,\u003C/a> to Ethereum Wormhole bridge, and the \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-axie-infinity-axs/\">Axie Infinity\u003C/a> Ronin bridge which resulted in combined losses of close to $100 million.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Complexity\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Modular blockchains can result in a significant amount of complexity at the front and back end due to the additional requirements of establishing trust. For example, when Ethereum implements proto-danksharding, it will include a mechanism for randomly testing shards for data availability to avoid the risk that a shard cannot deliver the required data. In contrast, there is no requirement to validate the availability of data in a monolithic structure.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>On the front end, modular systems frequently lack an integrated user interface, meaning it may be necessary to sign multiple transactions or navigate additional steps compared to a monolithic structure. This complexity can also create points of vulnerability for attacks such as spoofing, where hackers attempt to clone the interface to intervene in transactions.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Modular blockchain essentials\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Modular blockchains segregate one or more of a blockchain system's tasks, such as consensus, transaction execution, or data availability, to a separate chain.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Modular blockchains operate in contrast to monolithic structures, where every task is handled on a single layer.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The advantages of a modular blockchain structure include scalability and adaptability but may come at the expense of the security offered by a monolithic blockchain.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n","full","left",{"text":17},[],[],"July 29th, 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20 3868 9628","+442038689628",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":230,"value":231,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":232,"geofencings":233},"+1 800 712 5702","+18007125702",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":235,"value":236,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":237,"geofencings":238},"+352 20 88 10 96","+35220881096",{},{},"\u003Cp>Please read the general \u003Ca href=\"/legal/risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Warning\u003C/a>, and \u003Ca href=\"/legal/uk-investment-risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Summary\u003C/a> for UK residents before investing in crypto-assets. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Crypto-assets services are provided by the following Bitstamp legal entities depending on client residency: (1) Bitstamp Europe S.A., which is authorized by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) in Luxembourg as a payment institution (licence number Z00000012) and crypto-asset service provider (licence number N00000003); Registered address: 40, avenue Monterey, L-2163 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; Registration number: B196856; (2) Bitstamp UK Ltd., which is registered with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK for the provision of certain cryptoassets activities under the Money Laundering Regulations (Firm Reference Number 978690); Registered address: 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom; Registration number: 14174243; (3) Bitstamp Ltd.with its registered address at 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom and registration number: 8157033; (4) Bitstamp Global Ltd., which is registered as a Virtual Asset Service Provider in the British Virgin Islands and is supervised by the British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission (FSC); Registered address: Floor 4, Banco Popular Building, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, British Virgin Islands; Registered number: 2086429; and (5) Bitstamp Asia Pte Ltd, which is authorized by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) as a major payment institution (licence number PS20200667); Registered address: 63 Chulia Street, OCBC Centre East, #15-01, Singapore 049514; Registered number: 202016687K;\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Virtual currency services to US residents are provided by Bitstamp USA, Inc., which is licensed to engage in virtual currency business activity by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Licensed as a Money Transmitter by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Review a \u003Ca href=\"/legal/usa-inc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">list of its licenses and other registrations\u003C/a> (NMLS number \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">1905429\u003C/a>) for more information; Registered address: 85 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America; Registered number: 5481543.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Investment services with regards to trading in crypto derivatives are provided by Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd., which is authorized and supervised by the Slovenian Securities Market Agency (ATVP) as a MiFiD investment firm. Trading crypto derivatives carries significant risks and may result in substantial losses. Please trade responsibly and ensure you understand the associated risks. You can find more about the risks \u003Ca href=\"/legal/financial-services/general-terms-and-conditions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>. To help you understand the risks involved we have put together a series of \u003Ca href=\"/derivatives/key-information-documents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Key Information Documents (KIDs)\u003C/a> highlighting the risks and rewards related to each derivatives contract. Crypto derivatives trading is not available to customers in the US, Canada, Japan and some other countries. Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd. does not provide crypto-asset services.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To find out more about which Bitstamp entity you receive services from, please check the Profile/My information in your Bitstamp account. You can read more about our legal terms, policies and disclosures \u003Ca href=\"/legal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n","\u003Cp>All rights reserved © 2026 Bitstamp by Robinhood. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">NMLS #1905429\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\n",{"items":242,"ready":33,"platformButtonText":288,"backButtonText":289,"logInButtonText":290,"signUpButtonText":291},[243,248,254,257,261,266,271,274,279,284],{"headerName":244,"sidemenuName":125,"url":245,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":246,"submenu":247,"tag":17},"Institutions","/en-gb/institutional-trading/",{},[],{"headerName":249,"sidemenuName":249,"url":250,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":251,"submenu":252,"tag":253},"Derivatives","/perpetual-futures/",{},[],"NEW",{"headerName":140,"sidemenuName":140,"url":141,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":255,"submenu":256,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":258,"sidemenuName":258,"url":113,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":259,"submenu":260,"tag":17},"Mobile App",{},[],{"headerName":262,"sidemenuName":262,"url":263,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":264,"submenu":265,"tag":17},"Markets","/markets/",{},[],{"headerName":267,"sidemenuName":267,"url":268,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":269,"submenu":270,"tag":17},"Earn Stake","/en-gb/crypto-staking/",{},[],{"headerName":117,"sidemenuName":117,"url":118,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":272,"submenu":273,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":275,"sidemenuName":275,"url":276,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":277,"submenu":278,"tag":17},"Blog","https://blog.bitstamp.net/",{},[],{"headerName":280,"sidemenuName":280,"url":281,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":282,"submenu":283,"tag":17},"Learn","/learn/",{},[],{"headerName":285,"sidemenuName":285,"url":113,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":36,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":286,"submenu":287,"tag":17},"Get Bitstamp by Robinhood app",{},[],"Go to platform","Back","Log in","Get started",[293,296,300,304,308,312,316,320,324,328],{"title":32,"url":294,"geofencings":295},"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/",{},{"title":297,"url":298,"geofencings":299},"Company profiles","/en-gb/learn/company-profiles/",{},{"title":301,"url":302,"geofencings":303},"Crypto 101","/en-gb/learn/crypto-101/",{},{"title":305,"url":306,"geofencings":307},"Crypto definitions","/en-gb/learn/crypto-definitions/",{},{"title":309,"url":310,"geofencings":311},"Crypto trading","/en-gb/learn/crypto-trading/",{},{"title":313,"url":314,"geofencings":315},"Cryptocurrency guide","/en-gb/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/",{},{"title":317,"url":318,"geofencings":319},"People profiles","/en-gb/learn/people-profiles/",{},{"title":321,"url":322,"geofencings":323},"Security","/en-gb/learn/security/",{},{"title":325,"url":326,"geofencings":327},"Tutorials","/en-gb/learn/bitstamp-tutorials/",{},{"title":329,"url":330,"geofencings":331},"Web3","/en-gb/learn/web3/",{},1777532332640]