[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":326},["ShallowReactive",2],{"api/learn-center-post-en-GB-what-is-erc-721":3,"en-gb/learn/blockchain/what-is-erc-721-en-GB-seo":57,"footer-en-GB":62,"navigation-en-GB-learn-center":235,"api/learn-categories-en-GB":286},{"seo":4,"locale":28,"breadcrumbs":29,"excerpt":37,"featuredImage":38,"components":39,"title":5,"formattedPublishedAt":50,"geofencings":51,"category":52,"pagination":54,"campaignExternalId":8},{"title":5,"metaTitle":6,"metaDescription":7,"keywords":8,"metaRobots":8,"structuredData":9,"metaImage":10,"metaSocial":18,"canonicalURL":8,"localizations":19},"What is ERC-721?","What is ERC-721? - Bitstamp Learn Center","What is ERC-721? How has the token standard helped usher in NFTs? Read our guide to ERC-721 on Bitstamp by Robinhood – the original crypto exchange.",null,{},{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},"bitstampImageUrl/What_is_ERC_721png_91c3ddbf82_819787ee3b.png","image/png",".png",1920,1080,"What_is_ERC_721png_91c3ddbf82.png","",[],[20,23,26],{"pathname":21,"locale":22},"/learn/blockchain/what-is-erc-721/","en",{"pathname":24,"locale":25},"/es/learn/blockchain/what-is-erc-721/","es",{"pathname":27,"locale":28},"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/what-is-erc-721/","en-GB",[30,34],{"id":31,"text":32,"url":31,"asUrl":33},"/learn/blockchain/","Blockchain technology",true,{"id":35,"text":5,"url":27,"asUrl":36},"what-is-erc-721",false,"\u003Cp>Token standards are the programming rules used for creating tokens on the Ethereum blockchain and ERC-721 refers to the token standard for creating non-fungible tokens (NFTs).\u003C/p>\n",{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},[40],{"component":41,"props":42,"content":43,"secondaryContent":47,"ctas":48,"secondaryCtas":49,"ctasNoMarginTop":36},"section.full-text",{"centered":36,"withoutSectionContainer":36},{"text":44,"width":45,"align":46},"\u003Cp>Token standards are the programming rules used for creating tokens on the Ethereum blockchain and ERC-721 refers to the token standard for creating non-fungible tokens (NFTs).\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-ethereum-eth/\">Ethereum\u003C/a> supports various kinds of tokens with different characteristics, which are defined using standards called Ethereum Request for Comments, or ERC. ERC standards outline the specifications for various types of Ethereum smart contracts, and each ERC has its own unique identifying number, such as ERC-721, ERC-20, and more.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Each ERC starts as an Ethereum Improvement Proposal (EIP), which is a draft of the document open for feedback to anyone in the developer community. EIPs can cover various types of changes to Ethereum protocol up to and including entire network upgrades, but EIPs specifically relating to smart contract and token standards become ERCs once they have gone through the process of review and implementation.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Each type of token has its own ERC with ERC-721 being the most common standard for \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/web3/what-are-ethereum-nfts/\">non-fungible tokens\u003C/a> (NFTs). In contrast to fungible tokens (often represented by the \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/crypto-101/what-is-erc20/\">ERC-20\u003C/a> standard) where tokens of the same type are interchangeable for another, each NFT is a unique asset which cannot be exchanged like-for-like with another NFT. A common analogy is that dollar bills are fungible, whereas a house is non-fungible.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>History of ERC-721\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The ERC-721 was drafted as EIP-721 in January 2018 and was authored by a team of four Ethereum developers. The EIP presented the specification for a standard interface for non-fungible tokens, and lists some of the types of digital assets that NFTs can represent. These included physical property (such as houses or artwork), assets (such as loans that cannot be represented as positive token balances), and virtual collectibles (such as unique pictures of kittens).\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The last reference is to the decentralized game CryptoKitties developed by one of the team members behind EIP-721. The game was created using a beta version of the ERC-721, and, by the time EIP-721 launched, CryptoKitties had gone viral and was already the most popular \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/crypto-101/what-are-decentralized-applications-dapps/\">decentralized application\u003C/a> on the Ethereum blockchain. Its success provided compelling proof of concept for a full implementation of ERC-721.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Due to the early promise of NFTs, the \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/web3/what-is-opensea/\">OpenSea\u003C/a> NFT marketplace went live several months before Ethereum developers had approved the formal implementation of ERC-721 in June 2018.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>It took another two years before NFTs began to gain more widespread popularity. In 2021, NFTs became mainstream headlines when digital artist Beeple sold his collection “Everydays” via Christie’s for over $69 million, a new record sum for work attached to the ERC-721 standard. Art and collectibles now account for a substantial proportion of ERC-721 transactions, along with \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/web3/what-is-gamefi-and-play-to-earn-p2e/\">play-to-earn\u003C/a> and \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/web3/what-is-the-metaverse/\">metaverse\u003C/a> dapps.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>ERC-721 – a launchpad for NFT technology\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The introduction of ERC-721 has undoubtedly been one of the biggest advancements in the digital asset space, broadening the use cases for blockchain technology beyond the bounds of cryptocurrencies and fintech to include unique areas such as art, collectibles, and gaming. As the range of use cases and popularity among users broadened, other blockchains and platforms, including \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-solana-sol/\">Solana\u003C/a>, \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-polygon-matic/\">Polygon\u003C/a>, and \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-avalanche-avax/\">Avalanche\u003C/a>, have incorporated support for NFTs through ERC-721 compatibility or alternative NFT token standards.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Although ERC-721 represented a significant leap forward in the potential scope of Ethereum applications, its design has some inherent limitations, such as the inability to conduct batch transfers. If someone wishes to send ten NFTs based on the ERC-721 standard, it would require ten separate Ethereum transactions since each NFT is an independent smart contract. This results in increased \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/what-is-ethereum-gas/\">gas\u003C/a> fees and network traffic, potentially leading to network congestion.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Such limitations have led developers to create additional NFT token standards with more flexibility and features. One such example is ERC-1155, developed by the team behind \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-enjin-enj/\">Enjin\u003C/a>. ERC-1155 enables the creation of any number of NFTs under a single smart contract and allows batch transfers of NFTs.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>ERC-1155 also supports semi-fungibility, allowing a token to have both fungible and non-fungible properties. For instance, a semi-fungible token could be used as an event ticket, where any ticket is exchangeable on an equal basis for another prior to the event. After the event, the ticket no longer has its presale fungible value and takes on the properties of an NFT – a digital item of memorabilia with a unique ID number.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>As NFT technology and use cases develop, newer standards are beginning to enable dynamic features such as programmability to potentially provide greater utility in areas such as digital identity and data sovereignty in the future.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>ERC-721 essentials\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>ERC-721 is the first Ethereum token standard for non-fungible tokens (NFTs).\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>CryptoKitties was the first application to use ERC-721 in 2017, launching a new class of unique digital assets covering art, collectibles, and gaming.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Since ERC-721 was first implemented, NFT technology has evolved to enable new features such as semi-fungibility.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n","full","left",{"text":17},[],[],"July 29th, 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Kingdom",{},{},{"title":195,"content":17,"items":196},"Contact",[197,202,206,210,214,218,223,228],{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":198,"value":199,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":36,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":200,"geofencings":201},"Customer 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20 3868 9628","+442038689628",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":224,"value":225,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":226,"geofencings":227},"+1 800 712 5702","+18007125702",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":229,"value":230,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":231,"geofencings":232},"+352 20 88 10 96","+35220881096",{},{},"\u003Cp>Please read the general \u003Ca href=\"/legal/risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Warning\u003C/a>, and \u003Ca href=\"/legal/uk-investment-risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Summary\u003C/a> for UK residents before investing in crypto-assets. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Crypto-assets services are provided by the following Bitstamp legal entities depending on client residency: (1) Bitstamp Europe S.A., which is authorized by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) in Luxembourg as a payment institution (licence number Z00000012) and crypto-asset service provider (licence number N00000003); Registered address: 40, avenue Monterey, L-2163 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; Registration number: B196856; (2) Bitstamp UK Ltd., which is registered with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK for the provision of certain cryptoassets activities under the Money Laundering Regulations (Firm Reference Number 978690); Registered address: 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom; Registration number: 14174243; (3) Bitstamp Ltd.with its registered address at 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom and registration number: 8157033; (4) Bitstamp Global Ltd., which is registered as a Virtual Asset Service Provider in the British Virgin Islands and is supervised by the British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission (FSC); Registered address: Floor 4, Banco Popular Building, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, British Virgin Islands; Registered number: 2086429; and (5) Bitstamp Asia Pte Ltd, which is authorized by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) as a major payment institution (licence number PS20200667); Registered address: 63 Chulia Street, OCBC Centre East, #15-01, Singapore 049514; Registered number: 202016687K;\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Virtual currency services to US residents are provided by Bitstamp USA, Inc., which is licensed to engage in virtual currency business activity by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Licensed as a Money Transmitter by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Review a \u003Ca href=\"/legal/usa-inc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">list of its licenses and other registrations\u003C/a> (NMLS number \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">1905429\u003C/a>) for more information; Registered address: 85 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America; Registered number: 5481543.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Investment services with regards to trading in crypto derivatives are provided by Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd., which is authorized and supervised by the Slovenian Securities Market Agency (ATVP) as a MiFiD investment firm. Trading crypto derivatives carries significant risks and may result in substantial losses. Please trade responsibly and ensure you understand the associated risks. You can find more about the risks \u003Ca href=\"/legal/financial-services/general-terms-and-conditions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>. To help you understand the risks involved we have put together a series of \u003Ca href=\"/derivatives/key-information-documents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Key Information Documents (KIDs)\u003C/a> highlighting the risks and rewards related to each derivatives contract. Crypto derivatives trading is not available to customers in the US, Canada, Japan and some other countries. Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd. does not provide crypto-asset services.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To find out more about which Bitstamp entity you receive services from, please check the Profile/My information in your Bitstamp account. You can read more about our legal terms, policies and disclosures \u003Ca href=\"/legal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n","\u003Cp>All rights reserved © 2026 Bitstamp by Robinhood. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">NMLS #1905429\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\n",{"items":236,"ready":33,"platformButtonText":282,"backButtonText":283,"logInButtonText":284,"signUpButtonText":285},[237,242,248,251,255,260,265,268,273,278],{"headerName":238,"sidemenuName":119,"url":239,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":240,"submenu":241,"tag":17},"Institutions","/en-gb/institutional-trading/",{},[],{"headerName":243,"sidemenuName":243,"url":244,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":245,"submenu":246,"tag":247},"Derivatives","/perpetual-futures/",{},[],"NEW",{"headerName":134,"sidemenuName":134,"url":135,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":249,"submenu":250,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":252,"sidemenuName":252,"url":107,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":253,"submenu":254,"tag":17},"Mobile App",{},[],{"headerName":256,"sidemenuName":256,"url":257,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":258,"submenu":259,"tag":17},"Markets","/markets/",{},[],{"headerName":261,"sidemenuName":261,"url":262,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":263,"submenu":264,"tag":17},"Earn Stake","/en-gb/crypto-staking/",{},[],{"headerName":111,"sidemenuName":111,"url":112,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":266,"submenu":267,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":269,"sidemenuName":269,"url":270,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":271,"submenu":272,"tag":17},"Blog","https://blog.bitstamp.net/",{},[],{"headerName":274,"sidemenuName":274,"url":275,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":276,"submenu":277,"tag":17},"Learn","/learn/",{},[],{"headerName":279,"sidemenuName":279,"url":107,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":36,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":280,"submenu":281,"tag":17},"Get Bitstamp by Robinhood app",{},[],"Go to platform","Back","Log in","Get started",[287,290,294,298,302,306,310,314,318,322],{"title":32,"url":288,"geofencings":289},"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/",{},{"title":291,"url":292,"geofencings":293},"Company profiles","/en-gb/learn/company-profiles/",{},{"title":295,"url":296,"geofencings":297},"Crypto 101","/en-gb/learn/crypto-101/",{},{"title":299,"url":300,"geofencings":301},"Crypto definitions","/en-gb/learn/crypto-definitions/",{},{"title":303,"url":304,"geofencings":305},"Crypto trading","/en-gb/learn/crypto-trading/",{},{"title":307,"url":308,"geofencings":309},"Cryptocurrency guide","/en-gb/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/",{},{"title":311,"url":312,"geofencings":313},"People profiles","/en-gb/learn/people-profiles/",{},{"title":315,"url":316,"geofencings":317},"Security","/en-gb/learn/security/",{},{"title":319,"url":320,"geofencings":321},"Tutorials","/en-gb/learn/bitstamp-tutorials/",{},{"title":323,"url":324,"geofencings":325},"Web3","/en-gb/learn/web3/",{},1776263801778]