[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":326},["ShallowReactive",2],{"api/learn-center-post-en-GB-what-is-the-taproot-upgrade":3,"en-gb/learn/blockchain/what-is-the-taproot-upgrade-en-GB-seo":57,"footer-en-GB":62,"navigation-en-GB-learn-center":235,"api/learn-categories-en-GB":286},{"seo":4,"locale":28,"breadcrumbs":29,"excerpt":37,"featuredImage":38,"components":39,"title":5,"formattedPublishedAt":50,"geofencings":51,"category":52,"pagination":54,"campaignExternalId":8},{"title":5,"metaTitle":6,"metaDescription":7,"keywords":8,"metaRobots":8,"structuredData":9,"metaImage":10,"metaSocial":18,"canonicalURL":8,"localizations":19},"What is the Taproot upgrade?","What is the Taproot upgrade?  - Bitstamp Learn Center","What is the taproot upgrade? How has it improved Bitcoin? Learn about Taproot and start trading with Bitstamp by Robinhood - the original crypto exchange. ",null,{},{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},"bitstampImageUrl/What_is_taprootpng_9853eb61c8_323a11683c.png","image/png",".png",1920,1080,"What_is_taprootpng_9853eb61c8.png","",[],[20,23,26],{"pathname":21,"locale":22},"/learn/blockchain/what-is-the-taproot-upgrade/","en",{"pathname":24,"locale":25},"/es/learn/blockchain/what-is-the-taproot-upgrade/","es",{"pathname":27,"locale":28},"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/what-is-the-taproot-upgrade/","en-GB",[30,34],{"id":31,"text":32,"url":31,"asUrl":33},"/learn/blockchain/","Blockchain technology",true,{"id":35,"text":5,"url":27,"asUrl":36},"what-is-the-taproot-upgrade",false,"\u003Cp>Taproot is a Bitcoin protocol upgrade that took place in November 2021, which aimed to improve transaction privacy, security, and scalability.\u003C/p>\n",{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},[40],{"component":41,"props":42,"content":43,"secondaryContent":47,"ctas":48,"secondaryCtas":49,"ctasNoMarginTop":36},"section.full-text",{"centered":36,"withoutSectionContainer":36},{"text":44,"width":45,"align":46},"\u003Cp>Taproot is a Bitcoin protocol upgrade that took place in November 2021, which aimed to improve transaction privacy, security, and scalability.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Background to Taproot\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-bitcoin-btc/\">Bitcoin\u003C/a> protocol has gone through many changes over the years, mostly to address security vulnerabilities or fix other problems. However, significant protocol changes are rare because Bitcoin’s decentralized network requires buy-in of a majority of network participants. Failing to garner the necessary support can split blockchain communities has previously resulted in a \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/crypto-101/exploring-bitcoin-forks/\">hard fork\u003C/a> of the blockchain.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This is what happened in 2017 when the introduction of \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/what-is-segregated-witness-segwit/\">Segregated Witness\u003C/a> (SegWit) – an upgrade designed to reduce the weight of data in transactions – became contentious among the Bitcoin community. Although SegWit gained substantial support, there was also significant opposition which led to a hard fork of the Bitcoin blockchain and the creation of \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-bitcoin-cash-bch/\">Bitcoin Cash\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In an attempt to avoid similar controversy, Bitcoin core developers took a deliberately prolonged and cautious approach to the implementation of Taproot. It was first proposed in January 2018 by Bitcoin developer Gregory Maxwell and later developed into a Bitcoin Improvement Proposal draft by Pieter Wuille in May 2019. In June 2021, 90% of Bitcoin miners signaled support for the Taproot upgrade, and the soft fork to the Bitcoin blockchain finally took place on November 14, 2021, at block 709,632.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Taproot upgrades\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Taproot is an aggregation of three Bitcoin Improvement Proposals implemented simultaneously due to their technical interdependencies.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>BIP340 – Schnorr signatures\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Before Taproot, Bitcoin used the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) to create transaction signatures. This algorithm uses the account holder’s \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/security/what-are-private-and-public-keys/\">private key\u003C/a> to generate a signature, which allows the network to confirm that the transaction is valid.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>However, a drawback of ECDSA is that each transaction’s signature must be validated individually, making it impossible to scale this process by batching signatures together. ECDSA also makes it easy to identify which transactions are multi-signature, which are typically used for higher-value sums originating from enterprise wallets.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/what-are-schnorr-signatures/\">Schnorr signatures\u003C/a> upgrade allows multiple transaction signatures to be validated in a single batch. It also allows multiple parties who are signatories to a transaction to generate one signature representing their collective approval. The ability to aggregate signatures makes each transaction less data-heavy, thus increasing network transaction capacity and making it faster and cheaper to process bulk transactions.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Schnorr signatures are also more private for \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/security/what-is-a-multisig-wallet/\">multi-signature wallets\u003C/a>, as they make it more difficult to spot multi-sig transactions when they are batched with other transactions.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>BIP341 – Taproot\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>BIP341 – Taproot is a privacy upgrade that implements Merkelized Abstract Syntax Trees (MASTs), effectively limiting the amount of transaction data committed to the blockchain.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>A Merkle tree is a data structure that can be imagined as a tree with branches that represent all the possible outcomes of a transaction, including the one that actually occurred. The MAST only stores the branch with the outcome that was executed rather than the full tree with all possible outcomes.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>MAST implementation also helps scalability, as they require less data to be stored on the blockchain.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>BIP342 – Tapscript\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>BIP342 – Tapscript is an update to Bitcoin’s Script coding language to help support the Schnorr signatures and Taproot implementations. Tapscript leverages the ability of Schnorr signatures to aggregate signatures and uses it to free up space in the witness segment of a transaction.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>While mostly an enabler for the other two BIPs at the point of Taproot’s implementation, Tapscript also makes coding new features on Bitcoin easier, so it is a critical enabler of future functionality.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Why is Taproot an important upgrade?\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The Bitcoin blockchain has operated successfully without interruption since genesis, and as a result, many are reluctant to tamper with the source code. However, as Bitcoin usage increases, the network needs to be able to support a growing user base, which requires ongoing improvements to its scalability and usability. Taproot addresses these considerations and provides technical building blocks for future improvements.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Taproot is a soft fork of the Bitcoin blockchain, meaning that nodes are not forced to upgrade. In the year following the Taproot implementation in November 2021, adoption of the protocol remained low.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Bitcoin Ordinals\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>In January 2023, the Ordinals protocol launched on the Bitcoin mainnet and put to use some of the capabilities introduced by Taproot and SegWit. Ordinals are digital assets, like images or audio files, inscribed onto a \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/crypto-101/what-is-a-satoshi/\">satoshi\u003C/a> (the lowest denomination of a single BTC). This feature gives the satoshi the characteristics of \u003Ca href=\"/en-gb/learn/web3/what-are-nfts-non-fungible-tokens/\">non-fungible tokens\u003C/a> (NFTs) and has proven extremely popular among users, although for some developers it was an unexpected use case for Taproot. In the weeks following the implementation of Ordinals, the adoption of Taproot increased exponentially.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>When an Ordinal is inscribed onto a satoshi, it is done using the “witness” segment of the transaction that was separated out following the SegWit implementation in 2017.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>However, the space in the witness field was limited until the implementation of Taproot – and, more specifically, Tapscript – in 2021. Tapscript theoretically enabled the inscription of Ordinals worth up to 4MB, which is the entire weight of a Bitcoin block.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Taproot essentials\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Taproot is a Bitcoin protocol upgrade that took place in November 2021, the second major upgrade since genesis after SegWit in 2017.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Taproot aggregated three Bitcoin Improvement Proposals to implement improvements to privacy, scalability, and efficiency.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Taproot paves the way for new Bitcoin features and functionality and enabled the launch of Ordinals (Bitcoin NFTs) in January 2023.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n","full","left",{"text":17},[],[],"July 29th, 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Kingdom",{},{},{"title":195,"content":17,"items":196},"Contact",[197,202,206,210,214,218,223,228],{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":198,"value":199,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":36,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":200,"geofencings":201},"Customer 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20 3868 9628","+442038689628",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":224,"value":225,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":226,"geofencings":227},"+1 800 712 5702","+18007125702",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":229,"value":230,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":231,"geofencings":232},"+352 20 88 10 96","+35220881096",{},{},"\u003Cp>Please read the general \u003Ca href=\"/legal/risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Warning\u003C/a>, and \u003Ca href=\"/legal/uk-investment-risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Summary\u003C/a> for UK residents before investing in crypto-assets. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Crypto-assets services are provided by the following Bitstamp legal entities depending on client residency: (1) Bitstamp Europe S.A., which is authorized by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) in Luxembourg as a payment institution (licence number Z00000012) and crypto-asset service provider (licence number N00000003); Registered address: 40, avenue Monterey, L-2163 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; Registration number: B196856; (2) Bitstamp UK Ltd., which is registered with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK for the provision of certain cryptoassets activities under the Money Laundering Regulations (Firm Reference Number 978690); Registered address: 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom; Registration number: 14174243; (3) Bitstamp Ltd.with its registered address at 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom and registration number: 8157033; (4) Bitstamp Global Ltd., which is registered as a Virtual Asset Service Provider in the British Virgin Islands and is supervised by the British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission (FSC); Registered address: Floor 4, Banco Popular Building, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, British Virgin Islands; Registered number: 2086429; and (5) Bitstamp Asia Pte Ltd, which is authorized by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) as a major payment institution (licence number PS20200667); Registered address: 63 Chulia Street, OCBC Centre East, #15-01, Singapore 049514; Registered number: 202016687K;\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Virtual currency services to US residents are provided by Bitstamp USA, Inc., which is licensed to engage in virtual currency business activity by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Licensed as a Money Transmitter by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Review a \u003Ca href=\"/legal/usa-inc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">list of its licenses and other registrations\u003C/a> (NMLS number \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">1905429\u003C/a>) for more information; Registered address: 85 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America; Registered number: 5481543.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Investment services with regards to trading in crypto derivatives are provided by Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd., which is authorized and supervised by the Slovenian Securities Market Agency (ATVP) as a MiFiD investment firm. Trading crypto derivatives carries significant risks and may result in substantial losses. Please trade responsibly and ensure you understand the associated risks. You can find more about the risks \u003Ca href=\"/legal/financial-services/general-terms-and-conditions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>. To help you understand the risks involved we have put together a series of \u003Ca href=\"/derivatives/key-information-documents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Key Information Documents (KIDs)\u003C/a> highlighting the risks and rewards related to each derivatives contract. Crypto derivatives trading is not available to customers in the US, Canada, Japan and some other countries. Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd. does not provide crypto-asset services.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To find out more about which Bitstamp entity you receive services from, please check the Profile/My information in your Bitstamp account. You can read more about our legal terms, policies and disclosures \u003Ca href=\"/legal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n","\u003Cp>All rights reserved © 2026 Bitstamp by Robinhood. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">NMLS #1905429\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\n",{"items":236,"ready":33,"platformButtonText":282,"backButtonText":283,"logInButtonText":284,"signUpButtonText":285},[237,242,248,251,255,260,265,268,273,278],{"headerName":238,"sidemenuName":119,"url":239,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":240,"submenu":241,"tag":17},"Institutions","/en-gb/institutional-trading/",{},[],{"headerName":243,"sidemenuName":243,"url":244,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":245,"submenu":246,"tag":247},"Derivatives","/perpetual-futures/",{},[],"NEW",{"headerName":134,"sidemenuName":134,"url":135,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":249,"submenu":250,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":252,"sidemenuName":252,"url":107,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":253,"submenu":254,"tag":17},"Mobile App",{},[],{"headerName":256,"sidemenuName":256,"url":257,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":258,"submenu":259,"tag":17},"Markets","/markets/",{},[],{"headerName":261,"sidemenuName":261,"url":262,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":263,"submenu":264,"tag":17},"Earn Stake","/en-gb/crypto-staking/",{},[],{"headerName":111,"sidemenuName":111,"url":112,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":266,"submenu":267,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":269,"sidemenuName":269,"url":270,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":271,"submenu":272,"tag":17},"Blog","https://blog.bitstamp.net/",{},[],{"headerName":274,"sidemenuName":274,"url":275,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":276,"submenu":277,"tag":17},"Learn","/learn/",{},[],{"headerName":279,"sidemenuName":279,"url":107,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":36,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":280,"submenu":281,"tag":17},"Get Bitstamp by Robinhood app",{},[],"Go to platform","Back","Log in","Get started",[287,290,294,298,302,306,310,314,318,322],{"title":32,"url":288,"geofencings":289},"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/",{},{"title":291,"url":292,"geofencings":293},"Company profiles","/en-gb/learn/company-profiles/",{},{"title":295,"url":296,"geofencings":297},"Crypto 101","/en-gb/learn/crypto-101/",{},{"title":299,"url":300,"geofencings":301},"Crypto definitions","/en-gb/learn/crypto-definitions/",{},{"title":303,"url":304,"geofencings":305},"Crypto trading","/en-gb/learn/crypto-trading/",{},{"title":307,"url":308,"geofencings":309},"Cryptocurrency guide","/en-gb/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/",{},{"title":311,"url":312,"geofencings":313},"People profiles","/en-gb/learn/people-profiles/",{},{"title":315,"url":316,"geofencings":317},"Security","/en-gb/learn/security/",{},{"title":319,"url":320,"geofencings":321},"Tutorials","/en-gb/learn/bitstamp-tutorials/",{},{"title":323,"url":324,"geofencings":325},"Web3","/en-gb/learn/web3/",{},1776943654320]