[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":350},["ShallowReactive",2],{"api/learn-center-post-en-what-are-blockchain-sequencers":3,"footer-en":60,"learn/blockchain/what-are-blockchain-sequencers-en-seo":258,"navigation-en-learn-center":263,"api/learn-categories-en":311},{"seo":4,"locale":25,"breadcrumbs":26,"excerpt":34,"featuredImage":35,"components":42,"title":5,"formattedPublishedAt":53,"geofencings":54,"category":55,"pagination":57,"campaignExternalId":8},{"title":5,"metaTitle":6,"metaDescription":7,"keywords":8,"metaRobots":8,"structuredData":9,"metaImage":10,"metaSocial":18,"canonicalURL":8,"localizations":19},"What are blockchain sequencers? ","What are blockchain sequencers and why do they matter? ","Layer 2 networks use “sequencers” to organize transactions into batches, allowing for more efficient submission of user activity to their respective layer 1 networks.   ",null,{},{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},"bitstampImageUrl/what_are_blockchain_sequencers_and_why_do_they_matter_635ac6439a_fdf9f4d9ec.png","image/png",".png",900,451,"what_are_blockchain_sequencers_and_why_do_they_matter_635ac6439a.png","",[],[20,23],{"pathname":21,"locale":22},"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/what-are-blockchain-sequencers/","en-GB",{"pathname":24,"locale":25},"/learn/blockchain/what-are-blockchain-sequencers/","en",[27,31],{"id":28,"text":29,"url":28,"asUrl":30},"/learn/blockchain/","Blockchain technology",true,{"id":32,"text":5,"url":24,"asUrl":33},"what-are-blockchain-sequencers",false,"\u003Cp>Layer 2 networks use “sequencers” to organize transactions into batches, allowing for more efficient submission of user activity to their respective layer 1 networks.   \u003C/p>\n",{"url":36,"mime":37,"ext":38,"width":39,"height":40,"name":41,"alt":17},"bitstampImageUrl/what_are_blockchain_sequencers_and_why_do_they_matter_5faab66ade_24fedf106b.svg","image/svg+xml",".svg",1920,1080,"what_are_blockchain_sequencers_and_why_do_they_matter_5faab66ade.svg",[43],{"component":44,"props":45,"content":46,"secondaryContent":50,"ctas":51,"secondaryCtas":52,"ctasNoMarginTop":33},"section.full-text",{"centered":33,"withoutSectionContainer":33},{"text":47,"width":48,"align":49},"\u003Ch2>Layer 2 networks\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/blockchain/what-are-layer-2-solutions/\">Layer 2 scaling solutions (L2s)\u003C/a> have become necessary for large, busy blockchain networks like Ethereum.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>L2s like \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-arbitrum/\">Arbitrum\u003C/a> and \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-optimism-op/\">Optimism\u003C/a> use the security of their respective \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/blockchain/what-is-a-layer-1-blockchain/\">layer 1 chains (L1s)\u003C/a>—in these cases, \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-ethereum-eth/\">Ethereum\u003C/a>—but they decrease the burden on the network by taking some work off-chain. They provide an execution later where transactions can be spared from the expensive, more congested L1 \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/blockchain/what-is-a-blockchain/\">blockchain\u003C/a>, while still using the L1 as a \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/blockchain/what-is-data-availability-in-blockchain-ensuring-secure-and-accessible-on-chain-data/\">data availability layer\u003C/a>. In other words, transactions that happen on an L2 don’t add to the burden of the L1, and they can be performed quickly and more cheaply. However, all \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/how-do-cryptocurrency-transactions-work/\">transactions\u003C/a> are still ultimately recorded on L1 in perpetuity. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The “need” for sorting \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In most cases, L2s operate by collecting transactions into large batches and then submitting them to the L1. Like wholesale stores offering discounts for products sold in bulk, this is how L2 customers “save.” Technically, L2 users can submit their own transactions to the L1, but this defeats the purpose of using the L2 because it exposes them to the same economic issues of usual L1 network activity. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>However, L2s receive transactions in an unordered fashion, and it takes some work to streamline their processing. Therefore, sequencers are entities that take unordered transactions and organize them. They decide which go first, which are included in a batch, and which are reserved for the next batch. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Think of sequencers like automatic mail sorters. After people place their envelopes in a mailbox, the sorter collects them and divides them into trucks for delivery. They streamline what could otherwise be a chaotic process, making sure every piece of mail (transaction) gets where—and when—it needs to go.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>How do blockchain sequencers work?\u003C/h2>\n\u003Ch3>Jobs of a sequencer\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Sequencers collect transactions submitted to the L2, order them, group them into batches, and then submit them to L1. All this activity occurs off-chain, so batching does not inherently adopt the security of the L1. It is isolated to the L2 sequencer itself.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>By collecting transactions and adding them to the “mempool”, sequencers approximate the jobs of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/what-is-crypto-mining/\">miners\u003C/a> (in \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/what-is-proof-of-work-pow/\">Proof of Work\u003C/a> networks like \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-bitcoin-btc/\">Bitcoin\u003C/a>) or validators (in \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/what-is-proof-of-stake-pos/\">Proof of Stake\u003C/a> networks like Ethereum). They put transactions in order so they can appear on the blockchain in the proper format, and then they batch them together to be submitted to a \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/what-are-smart-contracts/\">smart contract\u003C/a> on the L1. In doing so, they maintain the ethos of blockchain functionality: ensuring security and disallowing bad actors. The batch is submitted as one transaction, so the fee for this one “larger” transaction can be distributed among all the “smaller” transactions within it.   \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Types of sequencers\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Centralized – As the most common type of sequencer, a centralized sequencer is used by networks like Optimism and Arbitrum. This is a single \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/what-are-bitcoin-blockchain-nodes/\">node\u003C/a>—usually run by the same developer as the rollup or other L2 solution—that handles all transactions.  \u003C/p>\n\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Decentralized – As opposed to a centralized sequencer, a decentralized sequencer uses multiple nodes/computers to perform the same responsibilities. This is the model used by Metis. \u003C/p>\n\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Shared – Shared sequencers like Espresso are usually special decentralized sequencers, designed specifically to allow multiple rollups/L2s to operate using its resources. The primary benefit of this is interoperability among L2s. \u003C/p>\n\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Based – Otherwise known as “L1-sequenced” sequencers, based sequencers attempt to draw maximal security and failure-free operability from L1 networks. The closer relationship to L1, characterized by sequencing on the L1 chain instead of off-chain, has distinct advantages at the cost of less flexibility and efficiency.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch2>Risks of sequencers\u003C/h2>\n\u003Ch3>Centralization in blockchain networks\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Although sequencers make transactions cheaper and faster than those on L1, they often draw criticism for contradicting one of the tenets of crypto: decentralization. This is because the security of blockchain networks is inherited by verifiable, fully \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/blockchain/centralized-and-decentralized-networks/\">decentralized\u003C/a>, on-chain activity. Since most sequencers are single entities run by developers of a L2, they introduce the possibility of a single point of failure or manipulation. For instance, multiple nodes in a decentralized network can compensate for a single node experiencing downtime. However, if a centralized (single) sequencer malfunctions, the entire L2 network can grind to a halt.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>The draw of maximal extractable value (MEV)\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Sequencers earn a portion of the fees paid by users of its L2 network, providing an economic incentive to streamline use of L2s. One of the foundations of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/what-is-cryptocurrency/\">crypto\u003C/a>-related efforts is that all actors are properly incentivized to act in the best interest of the user-base. However, this particular incentive can be mis-aligned for centralized sequencers. Their ultimate control of L2 transactions means that they can prioritize (or de-prioritize) certain transactions in order to extract the highest fees (the “maximum extractable value”) from the network’s users. Although this tactic doesn’t necessarily break any rules—and its use by miners/validators on L1s is well-described—it can result in higher costs and network congestion. \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Blockchain sequencers essentials\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Sequencers are parts of layer 2 scaling solutions (L2s) that act like miners and validators on layer 1 blockchain (L1s, like Bitcoin and Ethereum). \u003C/p>\n\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>When transactions are submitted to a L2, the sequencer receives them, puts them in order, batches them, then submits the batches to the L1 as a single transaction. \u003C/p>\n\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Although sequencers provide a vital role for streamlining L2 network activity, centralized sequencers can represent a single point of failure or manipulate how transactions are processed.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n","full","left",{"text":17},[],[],"April 29th, 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3TW",{},{},{"noFollow":33,"isExternal":33,"name":209,"value":17,"isEmail":33,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":30,"showOnDesktop":30,"showOnMobile":30,"attachment":210,"geofencings":211},"United Kingdom",{},{},{"title":213,"content":17,"items":214},"Contact",[215,220,224,228,232,236,241,246,251],{"noFollow":33,"isExternal":33,"name":216,"value":217,"isEmail":33,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":33,"showOnDesktop":30,"showOnMobile":30,"attachment":218,"geofencings":219},"Customer support","/customer-support/",{},{},{"noFollow":33,"isExternal":33,"name":221,"value":221,"isEmail":30,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":33,"showOnDesktop":30,"showOnMobile":30,"attachment":222,"geofencings":223},"info@bitstamp.net",{},{},{"noFollow":33,"isExternal":33,"name":225,"value":225,"isEmail":30,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":33,"showOnDesktop":30,"showOnMobile":30,"attachment":226,"geofencings":227},"press@bitstamp.net",{},{},{"noFollow":33,"isExternal":33,"name":229,"value":229,"isEmail":30,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":33,"showOnDesktop":30,"showOnMobile":30,"attachment":230,"geofencings":231},"support@bitstamp.net",{},{},{"noFollow":33,"isExternal":33,"name":233,"value":233,"isEmail":30,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":33,"showOnDesktop":30,"showOnMobile":30,"attachment":234,"geofencings":235},"complaints@bitstamp.net",{},{},{"noFollow":33,"isExternal":33,"name":237,"value":238,"isEmail":33,"isPhoneNumber":30,"isText":33,"showOnDesktop":30,"showOnMobile":30,"attachment":239,"geofencings":240},"+44 20 3868 9628","+442038689628",{},{},{"noFollow":33,"isExternal":33,"name":242,"value":243,"isEmail":33,"isPhoneNumber":30,"isText":33,"showOnDesktop":30,"showOnMobile":30,"attachment":244,"geofencings":245},"+1 800 712 5702","+18007125702",{},{},{"noFollow":33,"isExternal":33,"name":247,"value":248,"isEmail":33,"isPhoneNumber":30,"isText":33,"showOnDesktop":30,"showOnMobile":30,"attachment":249,"geofencings":250},"+352 20 88 10 96","+35220881096",{},{},{"noFollow":33,"isExternal":33,"name":252,"value":253,"isEmail":33,"isPhoneNumber":30,"isText":33,"showOnDesktop":30,"showOnMobile":30,"attachment":254,"geofencings":255},"+65 3105 1676","+6531051676",{},{},"\u003Cp>Please read the general \u003Ca href=\"/legal/risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Warning\u003C/a>, and \u003Ca href=\"/legal/uk-investment-risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Summary\u003C/a> for UK residents before investing in crypto-assets. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Crypto-assets services are provided by the following Bitstamp legal entities depending on client residency: (1) Bitstamp Europe S.A., which is authorized by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) in Luxembourg as a payment institution (licence number Z00000012) and crypto-asset service provider (licence number N00000003); Registered address: 40, avenue Monterey, L-2163 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; Registration number: B196856; (2) Bitstamp UK Ltd., which is registered with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK for the provision of certain cryptoassets activities under the Money Laundering Regulations (Firm Reference Number 978690); Registered address: 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom; Registration number: 14174243; (3) Bitstamp Ltd.with its registered address at 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom and registration number: 8157033; (4) Bitstamp Global Ltd., which is registered as a Virtual Asset Service Provider in the British Virgin Islands and is supervised by the British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission (FSC); Registered address: Floor 4, Banco Popular Building, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, British Virgin Islands; Registered number: 2086429; and (5) Bitstamp Asia Pte Ltd, which is authorized by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) as a major payment institution (licence number PS20200667); Registered address: 63 Chulia Street, OCBC Centre East, #15-01, Singapore 049514; Registered number: 202016687K;\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Virtual currency services to US residents are provided by Bitstamp USA, Inc., which is licensed to engage in virtual currency business activity by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Licensed as a Money Transmitter by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Review a \u003Ca href=\"/legal/usa-inc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">list of its licenses and other registrations\u003C/a> (NMLS number \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">1905429\u003C/a>) for more information; Registered address: 85 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America; Registered number: 5481543.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Investment services with regards to trading in crypto derivatives are provided by Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd., which is authorized and supervised by the Slovenian Securities Market Agency (ATVP) as a MiFiD investment firm. Trading crypto derivatives carries significant risks and may result in substantial losses. Please trade responsibly and ensure you understand the associated risks. You can find more about the risks \u003Ca href=\"/legal/financial-services/general-terms-and-conditions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>. To help you understand the risks involved we have put together a series of \u003Ca href=\"/derivatives/key-information-documents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Key Information Documents (KIDs)\u003C/a> highlighting the risks and rewards related to each derivatives contract. Crypto derivatives trading is not available to customers in the US, Canada, Japan and some other countries. Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd. does not provide crypto-asset services.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To find out more about which Bitstamp entity you receive services from, please check the Profile/My information in your Bitstamp account. You can read more about our legal terms, policies and disclosures \u003Ca href=\"/legal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n","\u003Cp>All rights reserved © 2026 Bitstamp by Robinhood. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">NMLS #1905429\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\n",{"description":7,"ogDescription":7,"ogImage":259,"twitterImage":259,"twitterSite":260,"twitterCreator":260,"twitterCard":261,"twitterTitle":6,"twitterDescription":7,"titleTemplate":262},"https://assets.bitstamp.net/msc/_ipx/enlarge_true&f_png&fit_cover&q_85&s_1200x630/bitstampImageUrl/what_are_blockchain_sequencers_and_why_do_they_matter_635ac6439a_fdf9f4d9ec.png","@Bitstamp","summary_large_image","%s",{"items":264,"ready":30,"platformButtonText":307,"backButtonText":308,"logInButtonText":309,"signUpButtonText":310},[265,269,273,276,279,282,285,290,293,298,303],{"headerName":266,"sidemenuName":137,"url":138,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":30,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":267,"submenu":268,"tag":17},"Institutions",{},[],{"headerName":129,"sidemenuName":129,"url":130,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":30,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":270,"submenu":271,"tag":272},{},[],"NEW",{"headerName":152,"sidemenuName":152,"url":153,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":30,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":274,"submenu":275,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":109,"sidemenuName":109,"url":110,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":30,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":277,"submenu":278,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":119,"sidemenuName":119,"url":120,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":30,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":280,"submenu":281,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":124,"sidemenuName":124,"url":125,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":30,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":283,"submenu":284,"tag":17},{"geofencing-uk":30},[],{"headerName":286,"sidemenuName":286,"url":287,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":30,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":288,"submenu":289,"tag":17},"Markets","/markets/",{},[],{"headerName":114,"sidemenuName":114,"url":115,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":30,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":291,"submenu":292,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":294,"sidemenuName":294,"url":295,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":30,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":296,"submenu":297,"tag":17},"Blog","https://blog.bitstamp.net/",{},[],{"headerName":299,"sidemenuName":299,"url":300,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":30,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":301,"submenu":302,"tag":17},"Learn","/learn/",{},[],{"headerName":304,"sidemenuName":304,"url":110,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":305,"submenu":306,"tag":17},"Get Bitstamp by Robinhood app",{},[],"Go to platform","Back","Log in","Get started",[312,314,318,322,326,330,334,338,342,346],{"title":29,"url":28,"geofencings":313},{},{"title":315,"url":316,"geofencings":317},"Company profiles","/learn/company-profiles/",{},{"title":319,"url":320,"geofencings":321},"Crypto 101","/learn/crypto-101/",{},{"title":323,"url":324,"geofencings":325},"Crypto definitions","/learn/crypto-definitions/",{},{"title":327,"url":328,"geofencings":329},"Crypto trading","/learn/crypto-trading/",{},{"title":331,"url":332,"geofencings":333},"Cryptocurrency guide","/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/",{"geofencing-uk":30},{"title":335,"url":336,"geofencings":337},"People profiles","/learn/people-profiles/",{},{"title":339,"url":340,"geofencings":341},"Security","/learn/security/",{},{"title":343,"url":344,"geofencings":345},"Tutorials","/learn/bitstamp-tutorials/",{},{"title":347,"url":348,"geofencings":349},"Web3","/learn/web3/",{},1776263780935]