[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":347},["ShallowReactive",2],{"api/learn-center-post-en-what-are-orphan-uncle-and-stale-blocks":3,"footer-en":57,"learn/blockchain/what-are-orphan-uncle-and-stale-blocks-en-seo":255,"navigation-en-learn-center":260,"api/learn-categories-en":308},{"seo":4,"locale":28,"breadcrumbs":29,"excerpt":37,"featuredImage":38,"components":39,"title":5,"formattedPublishedAt":50,"geofencings":51,"category":52,"pagination":54,"campaignExternalId":8},{"title":5,"metaTitle":6,"metaDescription":7,"keywords":8,"metaRobots":8,"structuredData":9,"metaImage":10,"metaSocial":18,"canonicalURL":8,"localizations":19},"What are orphan, uncle and stale blocks?","What are orphan, uncle and stale blocks? - Bitstamp Learn Center","What are orphan, uncle and stale blocks? Learn some of the problems that can arise when miners mine new blocks on the Bitstamp Learn Center.",null,{},{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},"bitstampImageUrl/1920x1080px_illustrations_learningcenter_16svg_64afa8bcd5_c4344d9900.svg","image/svg+xml",".svg",192,108,"1920x1080px_illustrations_learningcenter_16svg_64afa8bcd5.svg","",[],[20,23,26],{"pathname":21,"locale":22},"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/what-are-orphan-uncle-and-stale-blocks/","en-GB",{"pathname":24,"locale":25},"/es/learn/blockchain/what-are-orphan-uncle-and-stale-blocks/","es",{"pathname":27,"locale":28},"/learn/blockchain/what-are-orphan-uncle-and-stale-blocks/","en",[30,34],{"id":31,"text":32,"url":31,"asUrl":33},"/learn/blockchain/","Blockchain technology",true,{"id":35,"text":5,"url":27,"asUrl":36},"what-are-orphan-uncle-and-stale-blocks",false,"\u003Cp>A large part of the mainstream \u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/what-is-a-blockchain/\">blockchain\u003C/a> ecosystem relies on \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-is-crypto-mining/\">miners\u003C/a>. Mining new \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-are-blocks-in-the-blockchain/\">blocks\u003C/a> keeps the system running. Problems arise, however, when two or more miners mine a new block at a similar time. In this event, only one block will prevail as the block added to the main chain.\u003C/p>\n",{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},[40],{"component":41,"props":42,"content":43,"secondaryContent":47,"ctas":48,"secondaryCtas":49,"ctasNoMarginTop":36},"section.full-text",{"centered":36,"withoutSectionContainer":36},{"text":44,"width":45,"align":46},"\u003Cp>While they may look deceptively similar, two blocks of the same kind may differ from one another in terms of how they are treated by various blockchain protocols. There are three major types of such blocks that you may come across, namely \u003Cstrong>orphan\u003C/strong>, \u003Cstrong>uncle\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>stale blocks\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>There is a lot of confusion surrounding these blocks, and one type is often mistaken for another. As a result, blocks that are actually stale blocks are often referred to as orphan blocks. This article aims to shed light on this topic. Once you have finished reading, you will be able to tell whether a discarded block is an orphan, an uncle or a stale block.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Orphan, uncle and stale block essentials\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Orphan, uncle, and stale blocks are blocks that do not form part of the main chain.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Orphan blocks are not valid since their parent block is unknown.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Uncle blocks are valid since their parent block is known.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Uncle blocks are rewarded on the Ethereum blockchain.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Stale blocks are valid but are no longer part of the main chain.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch2>Orphan blocks\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Bitcoin was the first-ever blockchain, so it makes sense that blocks that are no longer part of the main chain debuted there. Let us take a look at how a block becomes \u003Cstrong>orphaned\u003C/strong> on the \u003Ca href=\"/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-bitcoin-btc/\">Bitcoin blockchain\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In the mining process, a time lag in the acceptance of a given qualifying block may lead to blocks not being accepted in the blockchain. If another qualifying block is processed without lag, the first qualifying block is rejected, or orphaned. While valid and verified, orphan blocks have no known parent or preceding block.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This means that a transaction might already have had a confirmation, but that still does not guarantee its finality. Once the block with that transaction is recognized as an orphan block, the transaction will go back to the memory pool. It will only be confirmed as it accumulates sufficient confirmations in the blocks to follow.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Uncle blocks\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Blocks in the blockchain that do not count as a part of the main chain are regarded differently across various blockchains. One such type of blocks are called \u003Cstrong>uncle blocks\u003C/strong> in the \u003Ca href=\"/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-ethereum-eth/\">Ethereum blockchain\u003C/a>. They are sometimes also called \u003Cstrong>aunt\u003C/strong> or \u003Cstrong>ommer\u003C/strong> blocks. The latter is just a gender-neutral expression for the same phenomenon.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Whereas uncle blocks do not appear on the Bitcoin blockchain, and surface either as orphan or, as we shall see later, stale blocks, they are quite common on Ethereum. Since block time on Ethereum is only about 15 seconds, more than one miner often produces a completely legitimate and valid block at the same time. In these cases, each successful miner receives a portion of the mining reward and all the transactions in their blocks are considered valid. However, only the block that demonstrates the most difficulty (it has the best \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-is-proof-of-work-pow/\">proof of work\u003C/a>) continues the main chain. The rest become uncle blocks.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Once the Casper protocol is fully implemented, uncle blocks might actually contribute to the weight of a block branch, making it heavier. As a result, a branch with an uncle block will be more likely to be adopted as the main chain than a branch with no uncles.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Stale blocks\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The third special kind of blocks presented in this article are \u003Cstrong>stale blocks\u003C/strong>. Seeing how they are most often mistaken for orphan blocks, some clarification is in order. Neither orphan nor stale blocks make up part of the longest valid chain. For orphan blocks, this is due to its parent being unknown. For stale blocks, by contrast, it is because that part of the chain is no longer the longest and most difficult to recreate (it does not have sufficient proof of work).\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Put simply, stale blocks are well-formed blocks that are no longer part of the longest (in terms of complexity) and most well-formed blockchain. If, for instance, you or your mining pool \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-are-blockchain-forks/\">forked\u003C/a> the blockchain and demonstrated the proof that you have done the most work (meaning your chain would be most difficult to mine), you would establish a new main chain. The miners who failed to switch to your chain would be working on stale blocks. Due to that, they would not not be eligible to receive a mining reward.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Why do these block types matter?\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>For the reasons specified above, orphan, uncle and stale blocks are important for miners and developers. After all, they shape blockchains and affect their security in terms of \u003Ca href=\"/learn/security/what-is-a-51-percent-attack/\">double-spending attacks\u003C/a>. However, even a mere trader should be familiar with these concepts. It is important that everyone should only trade what they understand.\u003C/p>\n","full","left",{"text":17},[],[],"August 9th, 2022",{},{"title":32,"url":31,"geofencings":53},{},{"previous":55,"next":56},"/learn/blockchain/what-are-oracles/","/learn/blockchain/what-are-schnorr-signatures/",{"ready":33,"sections":58,"disclaimer":253,"copyright":254},[59,102,130,153,190,209],{"title":60,"content":17,"items":61},"About",[62,67,72,77,82,87,92,97],{"noFollow":33,"isExternal":36,"name":63,"value":64,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":36,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":65,"geofencings":66},"Who We 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Kingdom",{},{},{"title":210,"content":17,"items":211},"Contact",[212,217,221,225,229,233,238,243,248],{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":213,"value":214,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":36,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":215,"geofencings":216},"Customer 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20 3868 9628","+442038689628",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":239,"value":240,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":241,"geofencings":242},"+1 800 712 5702","+18007125702",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":244,"value":245,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":246,"geofencings":247},"+352 20 88 10 96","+35220881096",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":249,"value":250,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":251,"geofencings":252},"+65 3105 1676","+6531051676",{},{},"\u003Cp>Please read the general \u003Ca href=\"/legal/risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Warning\u003C/a>, and \u003Ca href=\"/legal/uk-investment-risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Summary\u003C/a> for UK residents before investing in crypto-assets. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Crypto-assets services are provided by the following Bitstamp legal entities depending on client residency: (1) Bitstamp Europe S.A., which is authorized by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) in Luxembourg as a payment institution (licence number Z00000012) and crypto-asset service provider (licence number N00000003); Registered address: 40, avenue Monterey, L-2163 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; Registration number: B196856; (2) Bitstamp UK Ltd., which is registered with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK for the provision of certain cryptoassets activities under the Money Laundering Regulations (Firm Reference Number 978690); Registered address: 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom; Registration number: 14174243; (3) Bitstamp Ltd.with its registered address at 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom and registration number: 8157033; (4) Bitstamp Global Ltd., which is registered as a Virtual Asset Service Provider in the British Virgin Islands and is supervised by the British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission (FSC); Registered address: Floor 4, Banco Popular Building, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, British Virgin Islands; Registered number: 2086429; and (5) Bitstamp Asia Pte Ltd, which is authorized by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) as a major payment institution (licence number PS20200667); Registered address: 63 Chulia Street, OCBC Centre East, #15-01, Singapore 049514; Registered number: 202016687K;\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Virtual currency services to US residents are provided by Bitstamp USA, Inc., which is licensed to engage in virtual currency business activity by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Licensed as a Money Transmitter by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Review a \u003Ca href=\"/legal/usa-inc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">list of its licenses and other registrations\u003C/a> (NMLS number \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">1905429\u003C/a>) for more information; Registered address: 85 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America; Registered number: 5481543.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Investment services with regards to trading in crypto derivatives are provided by Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd., which is authorized and supervised by the Slovenian Securities Market Agency (ATVP) as a MiFiD investment firm. Trading crypto derivatives carries significant risks and may result in substantial losses. Please trade responsibly and ensure you understand the associated risks. You can find more about the risks \u003Ca href=\"/legal/financial-services/general-terms-and-conditions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>. To help you understand the risks involved we have put together a series of \u003Ca href=\"/derivatives/key-information-documents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Key Information Documents (KIDs)\u003C/a> highlighting the risks and rewards related to each derivatives contract. Crypto derivatives trading is not available to customers in the US, Canada, Japan and some other countries. Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd. does not provide crypto-asset services.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To find out more about which Bitstamp entity you receive services from, please check the Profile/My information in your Bitstamp account. You can read more about our legal terms, policies and disclosures \u003Ca href=\"/legal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n","\u003Cp>All rights reserved © 2026 Bitstamp by Robinhood. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">NMLS #1905429\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\n",{"description":7,"ogDescription":7,"ogImage":256,"twitterImage":256,"twitterSite":257,"twitterCreator":257,"twitterCard":258,"twitterTitle":6,"twitterDescription":7,"titleTemplate":259},"https://assets.bitstamp.net/msc/_ipx/enlarge_true&f_png&fit_cover&q_85&s_1200x630/bitstampImageUrl/1920x1080px_illustrations_learningcenter_16svg_64afa8bcd5_c4344d9900.png","@Bitstamp","summary_large_image","%s",{"items":261,"ready":33,"platformButtonText":304,"backButtonText":305,"logInButtonText":306,"signUpButtonText":307},[262,266,270,273,276,279,282,287,290,295,300],{"headerName":263,"sidemenuName":134,"url":135,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":264,"submenu":265,"tag":17},"Institutions",{},[],{"headerName":126,"sidemenuName":126,"url":127,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":267,"submenu":268,"tag":269},{},[],"NEW",{"headerName":149,"sidemenuName":149,"url":150,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":271,"submenu":272,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":106,"sidemenuName":106,"url":107,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":274,"submenu":275,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":116,"sidemenuName":116,"url":117,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":277,"submenu":278,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":121,"sidemenuName":121,"url":122,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":280,"submenu":281,"tag":17},{"geofencing-uk":33},[],{"headerName":283,"sidemenuName":283,"url":284,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":285,"submenu":286,"tag":17},"Markets","/markets/",{},[],{"headerName":111,"sidemenuName":111,"url":112,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":288,"submenu":289,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":291,"sidemenuName":291,"url":292,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":293,"submenu":294,"tag":17},"Blog","https://blog.bitstamp.net/",{},[],{"headerName":296,"sidemenuName":296,"url":297,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":298,"submenu":299,"tag":17},"Learn","/learn/",{},[],{"headerName":301,"sidemenuName":301,"url":107,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":36,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":302,"submenu":303,"tag":17},"Get Bitstamp by Robinhood app",{},[],"Go to platform","Back","Log in","Get started",[309,311,315,319,323,327,331,335,339,343],{"title":32,"url":31,"geofencings":310},{},{"title":312,"url":313,"geofencings":314},"Company profiles","/learn/company-profiles/",{},{"title":316,"url":317,"geofencings":318},"Crypto 101","/learn/crypto-101/",{},{"title":320,"url":321,"geofencings":322},"Crypto definitions","/learn/crypto-definitions/",{},{"title":324,"url":325,"geofencings":326},"Crypto trading","/learn/crypto-trading/",{},{"title":328,"url":329,"geofencings":330},"Cryptocurrency guide","/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/",{"geofencing-uk":33},{"title":332,"url":333,"geofencings":334},"People profiles","/learn/people-profiles/",{},{"title":336,"url":337,"geofencings":338},"Security","/learn/security/",{},{"title":340,"url":341,"geofencings":342},"Tutorials","/learn/bitstamp-tutorials/",{},{"title":344,"url":345,"geofencings":346},"Web3","/learn/web3/",{},1775731406023]