[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":346},["ShallowReactive",2],{"api/learn-center-post-en-what-happens-to-bitcoin-after-all-21-million-are-mined":3,"footer-en":56,"learn/blockchain/what-happens-to-bitcoin-after-all-21-million-are-mined-en-seo":254,"navigation-en-learn-center":259,"api/learn-categories-en":307},{"seo":4,"locale":21,"breadcrumbs":22,"excerpt":30,"featuredImage":31,"components":38,"title":5,"formattedPublishedAt":49,"geofencings":50,"category":51,"pagination":53,"campaignExternalId":7},{"title":5,"metaTitle":5,"metaDescription":6,"keywords":7,"metaRobots":7,"structuredData":8,"metaImage":9,"metaSocial":17,"canonicalURL":7,"localizations":18},"What Happens to Bitcoin After All 21 Million Are Mined?","Bitcoin, created after the 2008 crisis by Satoshi Nakamoto, offers a decentralized alternative to fiat money with a fixed 21M supply, avoiding inflation risks.",null,{},{"url":10,"mime":11,"ext":12,"width":13,"height":14,"name":15,"alt":16},"bitstampImageUrl/what_happens_to_bitcoin_21_million_e1df2c3588_b7cb1e33b3.png","image/png",".png",900,451,"what_happens_to_bitcoin_21_million_e1df2c3588.png","",[],[19],{"pathname":20,"locale":21},"/learn/blockchain/what-happens-to-bitcoin-after-all-21-million-are-mined/","en",[23,27],{"id":24,"text":25,"url":24,"asUrl":26},"/learn/blockchain/","Blockchain technology",true,{"id":28,"text":5,"url":20,"asUrl":29},"what-happens-to-bitcoin-after-all-21-million-are-mined",false,"\u003Cp>Bitcoin, created after the 2008 crisis by Satoshi Nakamoto, offers a decentralized alternative to fiat money with a fixed 21M supply, avoiding inflation risks.\u003C/p>\n",{"url":32,"mime":33,"ext":34,"width":35,"height":36,"name":37,"alt":16},"bitstampImageUrl/what_happens_to_bitcoin_after_all_21_million_are_mined_0898b0208d_3ae0ea78bb.svg","image/svg+xml",".svg",1920,1081,"what_happens_to_bitcoin_after_all_21_million_are_mined_0898b0208d.svg",[39],{"component":40,"props":41,"content":42,"secondaryContent":46,"ctas":47,"secondaryCtas":48,"ctasNoMarginTop":29},"section.full-text",{"centered":29,"withoutSectionContainer":29},{"text":43,"width":44,"align":45},"\u003Ch2>Why was Bitcoin designed to have a maximum total supply?\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Bitcoin was born in the wake of the global financial crisis in 2008, created by the pseudonymous \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/people-profiles/satoshi-nakamoto/\">Satoshi Nakamoto\u003C/a> as an alternative currency for those disillusioned with the traditional financial (TradFi) system. Nakamoto’s design explicitly avoided some of the perceived pitfalls of TradFi, including reliance on third parties like sovereign governments and banks. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The world’s most-used currencies are \u003Ca href=\"https://blog.bitstamp.net/post/what-is-fiat/\">fiat\u003C/a> currencies. This means that their value is backed fully by the power (or words) of the governments that issue them. In the United States, the dollar used to be guaranteed by the value of gold held in the government’s coffers. However, this “gold standard” was abandoned in 1971, paving the way for widespread fiat currencies. Though this has its advantages, it also means that governments can print—and thus devalue—their citizens’ money.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Given the problems uncovered by the financial crisis and the power granted to centralized, trusted bodies, Nakamoto’s Bitcoin differed substantially in many ways from fiat. One of these differences is that \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-bitcoin-btc/\">Bitcoin\u003C/a> has a maximum supply: 21 million \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/markets/btc/usd/\">BTC\u003C/a>. No one can “print” more coins, and this simple feature ensured a balance of supply and demand that favored price appreciation.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>But why 21 million specifically? There are many theories about this. Some are derived from careful examination of Nakamoto’s e-mails, including the belief that the 21 million figure was based on an educated guess, estimating that 0.001 BTC would be worth 1 euro if it were used for “some fraction of world commerce.” Another theory is that Bitcoin’s 4-year cyclic schedule, with 210,000 blocks between each halving, naturally leads to a maximum supply of 21 million BTC. No one knows for sure, and the answer is as mysterious as Nakamoto’s identity itself. \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>How does the issuance of new bitcoin create disinflation?\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>New bitcoin is issued (created) at a stable rate of coins per \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/blockchain/\">block\u003C/a>, which is re-defined every 210,000 blocks (~4 years) by an event called the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/what-is-a-bitcoin-halving/\">halving\u003C/a>. This occurs through a process called \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/what-is-crypto-mining/\">mining\u003C/a>, in which computers solve an algorithm to arrive at the answer to a problem and earn the right to create a new Bitcoin block. Bitcoin nodes collect the block reward, and they can sell these coins for a profit.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Every 210,000 blocks, the reward is cut by 50% (“halved”), which fosters a system where new bitcoin is issued at progressively lower rates. This naturally creates disinflation—or decreasing rates of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/en-gb/learn/crypto-trading/what-is-inflation/\">inflation\u003C/a> over time—because of supply/demand mechanics. Upon the last halving, inflation will be nearly 0% per year.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>What happens when the last bitcoin is mined?\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The last \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/what-is-a-satoshi/\">satoshi\u003C/a> should be mined around the year2140, barring any community-driven changes (or forks) to Bitcoin’s operations. When this occurs, Bitcoin’s inflation will officially be 0%. No more BTC can possibly be created, and all BTC will either be in circulation or otherwise accounted for (\u003Cem>e.g.,\u003C/em> lost). The implication is that Bitcoin’s price will then be tied solely for its demand, as its supply will be constant.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>There is additional speculation about what will happen to the operation of the Bitcoin network. Currently, Bitcoin \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/what-are-bitcoin-blockchain-nodes/\">nodes\u003C/a> are incentivized to perpetuate the blockchain through mining, because block rewards come with the ability to create profit. When block rewards become zero, what reason will those players have to continue to maintain Bitcoin? The obvious risk is that a lack of incentives will make the network stagnant, because no one will want to maintain the network. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>However, the other way that nodes can earn profit from blockchain maintenance is by validating transactions. Nodes can participate in the Bitcoin network by collecting transactions, communicating them with other nodes, and then adding them to blocks. For this service, they collect the fees that users pay with each signed transaction. With a theoretically high demand and flat supply, the rising value of BTC and its network fees would be sufficient for reimbursing nodes—making up for the loss of mining rewards.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In the end, no one knows what the future holds for the Bitcoin community. Through decentralized governance and active development, Bitcoin may evolve as its circulating supply approaches its maximum supply. What is speculation now may become completely irrelevant as the users and developers of Bitcoin help it mature into the future. \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Conclusion\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Bitcoin was designed to have a maximum supply of 21 million BTC, creating a disinflationary currency to oppose the features of fiat currencies. \u003C/p>\n\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Through halvings, the rate that new BTC are mined and enter the market slows down over time, and the last satoshi (sat) will be mined in  2140. \u003C/p>\n\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>When all 21 million bitcoin are mined, block rewards will no longer exist for miners, but nodes can still earn profits by collecting transaction fees. This will provide the economic incentive to maintain the network.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n","full","left",{"text":16},[],[],"January 16th, 2025",{},{"title":25,"url":24,"geofencings":52},{},{"previous":54,"next":55},"/learn/blockchain/what-can-we-expect-from-ai-in-crypto/","/learn/blockchain/what-is-a-bitcoin-improvement-proposal-bip/",{"ready":26,"sections":57,"disclaimer":252,"copyright":253},[58,101,129,152,189,208],{"title":59,"content":16,"items":60},"About",[61,66,71,76,81,86,91,96],{"noFollow":26,"isExternal":29,"name":62,"value":63,"isEmail":29,"isPhoneNumber":29,"isText":29,"showOnDesktop":26,"showOnMobile":26,"attachment":64,"geofencings":65},"Who We 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Kingdom",{},{},{"title":209,"content":16,"items":210},"Contact",[211,216,220,224,228,232,237,242,247],{"noFollow":29,"isExternal":29,"name":212,"value":213,"isEmail":29,"isPhoneNumber":29,"isText":29,"showOnDesktop":26,"showOnMobile":26,"attachment":214,"geofencings":215},"Customer 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20 3868 9628","+442038689628",{},{},{"noFollow":29,"isExternal":29,"name":238,"value":239,"isEmail":29,"isPhoneNumber":26,"isText":29,"showOnDesktop":26,"showOnMobile":26,"attachment":240,"geofencings":241},"+1 800 712 5702","+18007125702",{},{},{"noFollow":29,"isExternal":29,"name":243,"value":244,"isEmail":29,"isPhoneNumber":26,"isText":29,"showOnDesktop":26,"showOnMobile":26,"attachment":245,"geofencings":246},"+352 20 88 10 96","+35220881096",{},{},{"noFollow":29,"isExternal":29,"name":248,"value":249,"isEmail":29,"isPhoneNumber":26,"isText":29,"showOnDesktop":26,"showOnMobile":26,"attachment":250,"geofencings":251},"+65 3105 1676","+6531051676",{},{},"\u003Cp>Please read the general \u003Ca href=\"/legal/risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Warning\u003C/a>, and \u003Ca href=\"/legal/uk-investment-risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Summary\u003C/a> for UK residents before investing in crypto-assets. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Crypto-assets services are provided by the following Bitstamp legal entities depending on client residency: (1) Bitstamp Europe S.A., which is authorized by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) in Luxembourg as a payment institution (licence number Z00000012) and crypto-asset service provider (licence number N00000003); Registered address: 40, avenue Monterey, L-2163 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; Registration number: B196856; (2) Bitstamp UK Ltd., which is registered with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK for the provision of certain cryptoassets activities under the Money Laundering Regulations (Firm Reference Number 978690); Registered address: 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom; Registration number: 14174243; (3) Bitstamp Ltd.with its registered address at 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom and registration number: 8157033; (4) Bitstamp Global Ltd., which is registered as a Virtual Asset Service Provider in the British Virgin Islands and is supervised by the British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission (FSC); Registered address: Floor 4, Banco Popular Building, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, British Virgin Islands; Registered number: 2086429; and (5) Bitstamp Asia Pte Ltd, which is authorized by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) as a major payment institution (licence number PS20200667); Registered address: 63 Chulia Street, OCBC Centre East, #15-01, Singapore 049514; Registered number: 202016687K;\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Virtual currency services to US residents are provided by Bitstamp USA, Inc., which is licensed to engage in virtual currency business activity by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Licensed as a Money Transmitter by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Review a \u003Ca href=\"/legal/usa-inc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">list of its licenses and other registrations\u003C/a> (NMLS number \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">1905429\u003C/a>) for more information; Registered address: 85 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America; Registered number: 5481543.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Investment services with regards to trading in crypto derivatives are provided by Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd., which is authorized and supervised by the Slovenian Securities Market Agency (ATVP) as a MiFiD investment firm. Trading crypto derivatives carries significant risks and may result in substantial losses. Please trade responsibly and ensure you understand the associated risks. You can find more about the risks \u003Ca href=\"/legal/financial-services/general-terms-and-conditions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>. To help you understand the risks involved we have put together a series of \u003Ca href=\"/derivatives/key-information-documents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Key Information Documents (KIDs)\u003C/a> highlighting the risks and rewards related to each derivatives contract. Crypto derivatives trading is not available to customers in the US, Canada, Japan and some other countries. Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd. does not provide crypto-asset services.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To find out more about which Bitstamp entity you receive services from, please check the Profile/My information in your Bitstamp account. You can read more about our legal terms, policies and disclosures \u003Ca href=\"/legal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n","\u003Cp>All rights reserved © 2026 Bitstamp by Robinhood. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">NMLS #1905429\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\n",{"description":6,"ogDescription":6,"ogImage":255,"twitterImage":255,"twitterSite":256,"twitterCreator":256,"twitterCard":257,"twitterTitle":5,"twitterDescription":6,"titleTemplate":258},"https://assets.bitstamp.net/msc/_ipx/enlarge_true&f_png&fit_cover&q_85&s_1200x630/bitstampImageUrl/what_happens_to_bitcoin_21_million_e1df2c3588_b7cb1e33b3.png","@Bitstamp","summary_large_image","%s",{"items":260,"ready":26,"platformButtonText":303,"backButtonText":304,"logInButtonText":305,"signUpButtonText":306},[261,265,269,272,275,278,281,286,289,294,299],{"headerName":262,"sidemenuName":133,"url":134,"noFollow":29,"showInHeader":26,"showInSidemenu":26,"geofencings":263,"submenu":264,"tag":16},"Institutions",{},[],{"headerName":125,"sidemenuName":125,"url":126,"noFollow":29,"showInHeader":26,"showInSidemenu":26,"geofencings":266,"submenu":267,"tag":268},{},[],"NEW",{"headerName":148,"sidemenuName":148,"url":149,"noFollow":29,"showInHeader":26,"showInSidemenu":26,"geofencings":270,"submenu":271,"tag":16},{},[],{"headerName":105,"sidemenuName":105,"url":106,"noFollow":29,"showInHeader":26,"showInSidemenu":26,"geofencings":273,"submenu":274,"tag":16},{},[],{"headerName":115,"sidemenuName":115,"url":116,"noFollow":29,"showInHeader":26,"showInSidemenu":26,"geofencings":276,"submenu":277,"tag":16},{},[],{"headerName":120,"sidemenuName":120,"url":121,"noFollow":29,"showInHeader":26,"showInSidemenu":26,"geofencings":279,"submenu":280,"tag":16},{"geofencing-uk":26},[],{"headerName":282,"sidemenuName":282,"url":283,"noFollow":29,"showInHeader":26,"showInSidemenu":26,"geofencings":284,"submenu":285,"tag":16},"Markets","/markets/",{},[],{"headerName":110,"sidemenuName":110,"url":111,"noFollow":29,"showInHeader":26,"showInSidemenu":26,"geofencings":287,"submenu":288,"tag":16},{},[],{"headerName":290,"sidemenuName":290,"url":291,"noFollow":29,"showInHeader":26,"showInSidemenu":26,"geofencings":292,"submenu":293,"tag":16},"Blog","https://blog.bitstamp.net/",{},[],{"headerName":295,"sidemenuName":295,"url":296,"noFollow":29,"showInHeader":26,"showInSidemenu":26,"geofencings":297,"submenu":298,"tag":16},"Learn","/learn/",{},[],{"headerName":300,"sidemenuName":300,"url":106,"noFollow":29,"showInHeader":29,"showInSidemenu":26,"geofencings":301,"submenu":302,"tag":16},"Get Bitstamp by Robinhood app",{},[],"Go to platform","Back","Log in","Get started",[308,310,314,318,322,326,330,334,338,342],{"title":25,"url":24,"geofencings":309},{},{"title":311,"url":312,"geofencings":313},"Company profiles","/learn/company-profiles/",{},{"title":315,"url":316,"geofencings":317},"Crypto 101","/learn/crypto-101/",{},{"title":319,"url":320,"geofencings":321},"Crypto definitions","/learn/crypto-definitions/",{},{"title":323,"url":324,"geofencings":325},"Crypto trading","/learn/crypto-trading/",{},{"title":327,"url":328,"geofencings":329},"Cryptocurrency guide","/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/",{"geofencing-uk":26},{"title":331,"url":332,"geofencings":333},"People profiles","/learn/people-profiles/",{},{"title":335,"url":336,"geofencings":337},"Security","/learn/security/",{},{"title":339,"url":340,"geofencings":341},"Tutorials","/learn/bitstamp-tutorials/",{},{"title":343,"url":344,"geofencings":345},"Web3","/learn/web3/",{},1777532321691]