[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":353},["ShallowReactive",2],{"api/learn-center-post-en-what-is-bitcoin-virtual-machine-bitvmchange":3,"footer-en":63,"learn/blockchain/what-is-bitcoin-virtual-machine-bitvmchange-en-seo":261,"navigation-en-learn-center":266,"api/learn-categories-en":314},{"seo":4,"locale":28,"breadcrumbs":29,"excerpt":37,"featuredImage":38,"components":45,"title":5,"formattedPublishedAt":56,"geofencings":57,"category":58,"pagination":60,"campaignExternalId":8},{"title":5,"metaTitle":6,"metaDescription":7,"keywords":8,"metaRobots":8,"structuredData":9,"metaImage":10,"metaSocial":18,"canonicalURL":8,"localizations":19},"What is Bitcoin Virtual Machine (BitVM)?","What is Bitcoin Virtual Machine (BitVM)? | Bitstamp by Robinhood","What is BitVM? How does BitVM bring smart contract features to the Bitcoin blockchain? Read our guide to BitVM on Bitstamp by Robinhood – the original crypto exchange.",null,{},{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},"bitstampImageUrl/What_is_Bitcoin_Bit_VM_1jpg_8e528d8175_f994f1af6a.jpg","image/jpeg",".jpg",744,380,"What_is_Bitcoin_Bit_VM_1jpg_8e528d8175.jpg","",[],[20,23,26],{"pathname":21,"locale":22},"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/what-is-bitcoin-virtual-machine-bitvmchange/","en-GB",{"pathname":24,"locale":25},"/es/learn/blockchain/what-is-bitcoin-virtual-machine-bitvmchange/","es",{"pathname":27,"locale":28},"/learn/blockchain/what-is-bitcoin-virtual-machine-bitvmchange/","en",[30,34],{"id":31,"text":32,"url":31,"asUrl":33},"/learn/blockchain/","Blockchain technology",true,{"id":35,"text":5,"url":27,"asUrl":36},"what-is-bitcoin-virtual-machine-bitvmchange",false,"\u003Cp>Bitcoin Virtual Machine (BitVM) is a system intended to bring smart contract capabilities to the Bitcoin blockchain.\u003C/p>\n",{"url":39,"mime":40,"ext":41,"width":42,"height":43,"name":44,"alt":17},"bitstampImageUrl/What_is_Bitcoin_Bit_VM_svg_6de3185bc9_a253ca3206.svg","image/svg+xml",".svg",1676,857,"What_is_Bitcoin_Bit_VM_svg_6de3185bc9.svg",[46],{"component":47,"props":48,"content":49,"secondaryContent":53,"ctas":54,"secondaryCtas":55,"ctasNoMarginTop":36},"section.full-text",{"centered":36,"withoutSectionContainer":36},{"text":50,"width":51,"align":52},"\u003Ch2>Bitcoin’s smart contract limitations\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Bitcoin was designed as a pure cryptocurrency—a digital asset secured by computer cryptography and used to transact value across borders. Unlike Ethereum, it was not designed to support advanced computing in forms of decentralized applications (dapps) powered by smart contracts. In this way, the Ethereum’s Virtual Machine (EVM) is \u003Cstrong>Turing complete\u003C/strong>, meaning it is capable of general-purpose computing. Bitcoin is not.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Meanwhile, the coding of Bitcoin is designed for much simpler tasks—namely the transaction of assets on a blockchain. There have been a number of attempts at building out more functionality to Bitcoin. These include “layer 2” solutions like the Lightning Network and the Liquid Network. Importantly, these solutions do \u003Cem>not\u003C/em> require changes in the blockchain in the form of a fork.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Introducing BitVM\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In October 2023, a developer named Robin Linus released a whitepaper describing a new computing paradigm called \u003Cstrong>BitVM\u003C/strong>, which would bring smart contract capabilities (and thus Turing completeness) to Bitcoin. The primary goal of BitVM is to enable scaling of Bitcoin to permit higher transaction speeds, but it could also introduce more advanced functionality, similar to that offered by Ethereum’s EVM.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In short, BitVM tries to force a complex computing function into Bitcoin, when the blockchain was not originally designed for it. Linus has said that BitVM can be described as a “compilation of … tricks” or as “hacking around” Bitcoin’s code. This comes with limitations, and that means that BitVM’s smart contracts do not look like Ethereum’s. For instance, all computations happen off-chain and the results are communicated back to Bitcoin’s blockchain. This is not the case with Ethereum, except in the case of layer 2 solutions that use rollups. Also, BitVM primarily operates between two individual parties, which means that it is not built for broader network-based computations.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>How does BitVM work?\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>BitVM is a layer 2 solution (L2) for Bitcoin. Therefore, it is somewhat similar to Ethereum’s L2s—especially \u003Cstrong>optimistic rollups\u003C/strong>. Like optimistic rollups, BitVM relies on \u003Cstrong>fraud proofs\u003C/strong> and a system of paired parties who \u003Cem>challenge\u003C/em> and \u003Cem>respond\u003C/em> to each other.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To perform complex computation through BitVM, a “prover” presents an initial program and coordinates with a “verifier” to assert its validity. This two-party system relies on a simple contract on Bitcoin’s blockchain in which a series of transactions defines the relationship between prover and verifier.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Both parties make deposits using their Bitcoin-based addresses, and then they can exchange large amounts of data off-chain and return the output (a smaller amount of data) to the blockchain itself. This is only possible through features introduced in Bitcoin’s \u003Cstrong>Taproot\u003C/strong> upgrade. If a prover acts maliciously or proposes something incorrectly, the verifier can challenge it.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This begins a sequence of challenges and responses that ensures only accurate assertions are made, and only verifiable data is inscribed into Bitcoin’s immutable ledger. There is an economic incentive to keep the system honest, as whichever party is provably right can collect the others’ assets as punishment.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>What is the purpose of BitVM?\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Robin Linus has said that BitVM was proposed as a scaling solution for Bitcoin. Through smart contracts, it was originally conceived as enabling sidechains and even Lightning-esque networks to push the limits of transaction speeds.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>However, through the same design it could introduce environments which allow for even more functionality. For instance, a sidechain connected to the Bitcoin network could, itself, use the Ethereum Virtual Machine. That means that, through BitVM, Bitcoin users may be able to access more general smart contract usability and leverage decentralized applications, as if they were using Ethereum itself.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Noting its potential, BitVM is still being developed. The two-party system has its limitations, and BitVM’s off-chain computing requires significant hardware and financial resources. These barriers must be addressed before it becomes more widely adopted.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Conclusion\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>BitVM is a system that allows for complex computation on Bitcoin through the use of smart contracts.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>A two-party system of provers and verifiers underlies BitVM’s model, and these parties facilitate off-chain computation in a manner similar to optimistic rollups used by Ethereum.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Although BitVM has the potential to scale Bitcoin and improve its ability to support more complex transactions, developers are still working to overcome its limitations.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n","full","left",{"text":17},[],[],"February 23rd, 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20 3868 9628","+442038689628",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":245,"value":246,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":247,"geofencings":248},"+1 800 712 5702","+18007125702",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":250,"value":251,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":252,"geofencings":253},"+352 20 88 10 96","+35220881096",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":255,"value":256,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":257,"geofencings":258},"+65 3105 1676","+6531051676",{},{},"\u003Cp>Please read the general \u003Ca href=\"/legal/risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Warning\u003C/a>, and \u003Ca href=\"/legal/uk-investment-risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Summary\u003C/a> for UK residents before investing in crypto-assets. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Crypto-assets services are provided by the following Bitstamp legal entities depending on client residency: (1) Bitstamp Europe S.A., which is authorized by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) in Luxembourg as a payment institution (licence number Z00000012) and crypto-asset service provider (licence number N00000003); Registered address: 40, avenue Monterey, L-2163 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; Registration number: B196856; (2) Bitstamp UK Ltd., which is registered with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK for the provision of certain cryptoassets activities under the Money Laundering Regulations (Firm Reference Number 978690); Registered address: 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom; Registration number: 14174243; (3) Bitstamp Ltd.with its registered address at 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom and registration number: 8157033; (4) Bitstamp Global Ltd., which is registered as a Virtual Asset Service Provider in the British Virgin Islands and is supervised by the British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission (FSC); Registered address: Floor 4, Banco Popular Building, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, British Virgin Islands; Registered number: 2086429; and (5) Bitstamp Asia Pte Ltd, which is authorized by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) as a major payment institution (licence number PS20200667); Registered address: 63 Chulia Street, OCBC Centre East, #15-01, Singapore 049514; Registered number: 202016687K;\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Virtual currency services to US residents are provided by Bitstamp USA, Inc., which is licensed to engage in virtual currency business activity by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Licensed as a Money Transmitter by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Review a \u003Ca href=\"/legal/usa-inc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">list of its licenses and other registrations\u003C/a> (NMLS number \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">1905429\u003C/a>) for more information; Registered address: 85 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America; Registered number: 5481543.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Investment services with regards to trading in crypto derivatives are provided by Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd., which is authorized and supervised by the Slovenian Securities Market Agency (ATVP) as a MiFiD investment firm. Trading crypto derivatives carries significant risks and may result in substantial losses. Please trade responsibly and ensure you understand the associated risks. You can find more about the risks \u003Ca href=\"/legal/financial-services/general-terms-and-conditions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>. To help you understand the risks involved we have put together a series of \u003Ca href=\"/derivatives/key-information-documents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Key Information Documents (KIDs)\u003C/a> highlighting the risks and rewards related to each derivatives contract. Crypto derivatives trading is not available to customers in the US, Canada, Japan and some other countries. Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd. does not provide crypto-asset services.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To find out more about which Bitstamp entity you receive services from, please check the Profile/My information in your Bitstamp account. You can read more about our legal terms, policies and disclosures \u003Ca href=\"/legal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n","\u003Cp>All rights reserved © 2026 Bitstamp by Robinhood. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">NMLS #1905429\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\n",{"description":7,"ogDescription":7,"ogImage":262,"twitterImage":262,"twitterSite":263,"twitterCreator":263,"twitterCard":264,"twitterTitle":6,"twitterDescription":7,"titleTemplate":265},"https://assets.bitstamp.net/msc/_ipx/enlarge_true&f_png&fit_cover&q_85&s_1200x630/bitstampImageUrl/What_is_Bitcoin_Bit_VM_1jpg_8e528d8175_f994f1af6a.png","@Bitstamp","summary_large_image","%s",{"items":267,"ready":33,"platformButtonText":310,"backButtonText":311,"logInButtonText":312,"signUpButtonText":313},[268,272,276,279,282,285,288,293,296,301,306],{"headerName":269,"sidemenuName":140,"url":141,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":270,"submenu":271,"tag":17},"Institutions",{},[],{"headerName":132,"sidemenuName":132,"url":133,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":273,"submenu":274,"tag":275},{},[],"NEW",{"headerName":155,"sidemenuName":155,"url":156,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":277,"submenu":278,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":112,"sidemenuName":112,"url":113,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":280,"submenu":281,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":122,"sidemenuName":122,"url":123,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":283,"submenu":284,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":127,"sidemenuName":127,"url":128,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":286,"submenu":287,"tag":17},{"geofencing-uk":33},[],{"headerName":289,"sidemenuName":289,"url":290,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":291,"submenu":292,"tag":17},"Markets","/markets/",{},[],{"headerName":117,"sidemenuName":117,"url":118,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":294,"submenu":295,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":297,"sidemenuName":297,"url":298,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":299,"submenu":300,"tag":17},"Blog","https://blog.bitstamp.net/",{},[],{"headerName":302,"sidemenuName":302,"url":303,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":304,"submenu":305,"tag":17},"Learn","/learn/",{},[],{"headerName":307,"sidemenuName":307,"url":113,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":36,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":308,"submenu":309,"tag":17},"Get Bitstamp by Robinhood app",{},[],"Go to platform","Back","Log in","Get started",[315,317,321,325,329,333,337,341,345,349],{"title":32,"url":31,"geofencings":316},{},{"title":318,"url":319,"geofencings":320},"Company profiles","/learn/company-profiles/",{},{"title":322,"url":323,"geofencings":324},"Crypto 101","/learn/crypto-101/",{},{"title":326,"url":327,"geofencings":328},"Crypto definitions","/learn/crypto-definitions/",{},{"title":330,"url":331,"geofencings":332},"Crypto trading","/learn/crypto-trading/",{},{"title":334,"url":335,"geofencings":336},"Cryptocurrency guide","/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/",{"geofencing-uk":33},{"title":338,"url":339,"geofencings":340},"People profiles","/learn/people-profiles/",{},{"title":342,"url":343,"geofencings":344},"Security","/learn/security/",{},{"title":346,"url":347,"geofencings":348},"Tutorials","/learn/bitstamp-tutorials/",{},{"title":350,"url":351,"geofencings":352},"Web3","/learn/web3/",{},1776943587989]