[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":346},["ShallowReactive",2],{"api/learn-center-post-en-what-is-blockchain-interoperability-the-future-of-connected-chains":3,"footer-en":56,"learn/blockchain/what-is-blockchain-interoperability-the-future-of-connected-chains-en-seo":254,"navigation-en-learn-center":259,"api/learn-categories-en":307},{"seo":4,"locale":27,"breadcrumbs":28,"excerpt":36,"featuredImage":37,"components":38,"title":5,"formattedPublishedAt":49,"geofencings":50,"category":51,"pagination":53,"campaignExternalId":7},{"title":5,"metaTitle":5,"metaDescription":6,"keywords":7,"metaRobots":7,"structuredData":8,"metaImage":9,"metaSocial":17,"canonicalURL":7,"localizations":18},"What is Blockchain Interoperability? The Future of Connected Chains","Blockchain interoperability refers to the ability of blockchain networks to interact with one another by exchanging assets, data, or both.",null,{},{"url":10,"mime":11,"ext":12,"width":13,"height":14,"name":15,"alt":16},"bitstampImageUrl/What_is_Blockchain_Interoperability_The_Future_of_Connected_Chainssvg_5b67efa1fb_d5597ce5ea.svg","image/svg+xml",".svg",1920,1081,"What_is_Blockchain_Interoperability_The_Future_of_Connected_Chainssvg_5b67efa1fb.svg","",[],[19,22,25],{"pathname":20,"locale":21},"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/what-is-blockchain-interoperability-the-future-of-connected-chains/","en-GB",{"pathname":23,"locale":24},"/es/learn/blockchain/what-is-blockchain-interoperability-the-future-of-connected-chains/","es",{"pathname":26,"locale":27},"/learn/blockchain/what-is-blockchain-interoperability-the-future-of-connected-chains/","en",[29,33],{"id":30,"text":31,"url":30,"asUrl":32},"/learn/blockchain/","Blockchain technology",true,{"id":34,"text":5,"url":26,"asUrl":35},"what-is-blockchain-interoperability-the-future-of-connected-chains",false,"\u003Cp>Blockchain interoperability refers to the ability of blockchain networks to interact with one another by exchanging assets, data, or both.\u003C/p>\n",{"url":10,"mime":11,"ext":12,"width":13,"height":14,"name":15,"alt":16},[39],{"component":40,"props":41,"content":42,"secondaryContent":46,"ctas":47,"secondaryCtas":48,"ctasNoMarginTop":35},"section.full-text",{"centered":35,"withoutSectionContainer":35},{"text":43,"width":44,"align":45},"\u003Cp>The practice of blockchain interoperability, however, isn’t as easy as it sounds due to the deterministic nature of a blockchain system. Determinism means that the current state of the ledger is determined by the transactions that came before.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In a trustless, open blockchain network, this leads to the principle that all data used to produce the ledger must be trustlessly verifiable by the network. Data or assets from outside the blockchain network cannot fulfill this basic criteria, so a blockchain network is designed to be closed off from outside sources, an issue known as the “\u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/what-are-oracles/\">oracle\u003C/a> problem.”\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>The increasing importance of cross-chain technology\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Historically, determinism means that blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum have been unable to communicate with one another, or with other systems and networks. This is true even when including blockchains created as \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-are-blockchain-forks/\">hard forks\u003C/a>, like \u003Ca href=\"/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-bitcoin-cash-bch/\">Bitcoin Cash\u003C/a> or \u003Ca href=\"/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-ethereum-classic-etc/\">Ethereum Classic.\u003C/a> This lack of interoperability led to a heavy dependence on \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-trading/how-does-a-crypto-exchange-work/\">centralized exchanges\u003C/a> to facilitate the movement of assets across chains.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>While centralized exchanges play an important role in maintaining market \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-trading/what-is-liquidity/\">liquidity\u003C/a>, their role as an intermediary between blockchains created friction in the user experience, as well as high fees, leading to a push for decentralized alternatives.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>As the blockchain ecosystem becomes more complex with more platforms, protocols, and applications, interoperability is an increasingly important tool to reduce fragmentation and friction.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Interoperability can also address issues such as \u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/what-is-blockchain-scaling/\">scalability\u003C/a>. Ethereum’s first-mover advantage led to significant network effects as developers flocked to the platform but limiting activity to one chain created congestion on the main chain. Layer 2 platforms were built to interoperate with Ethereum and support the scalability of the chain.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Another advantage is flexibility – an interoperable ecosystem means that developers can pick the attributes of a network that work best in a given use case. For example, developers can leverage one network for \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/privacy-coins-and-anonymity-in-cryptocurrency/\">privacy\u003C/a> and another for scalability to create their application.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Challenges of building connected blockchains\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Along with the deterministic nature of blockchains, there are other challenges with building interoperability solutions. Not all blockchains use the same programming language or basic protocols. For example, some blockchains, such as \u003Ca href=\"/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-solana-sol/\">Solana\u003C/a>, aren’t compatible with the \u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/what-is-the-ethereum-virtual-machine-evm/\">Ethereum Virtual Machine\u003C/a>, so they rely on customized solutions for interoperability.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>However, such solutions may not always be as secure as the main networks to which they connect. A popular cross-chain example is blockchain \u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/what-are-blockchain-bridges/\">bridges\u003C/a>, but several of them suffered several high-profile attacks early in their development due to issues such as small validator sets, creating vulnerabilities.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Blockchain interoperability solutions\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Several different types of interoperability protocols exist, which serve various purposes in the blockchain ecosystem.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Token swaps\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Atomic swaps emerged for users to trade assets across blockchains without needing to navigate a centralized exchange. They use a type of smart contract called Hashed Timelock Contracts, which is a time-bound smart contract where each party generates their own hash for the transaction on their respective blockchain.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Atomic swaps were the earliest form of interoperable token swaps, but cross-chain \u003Ca href=\"/learn/web3/what-is-a-decentralized-exchange-dex/\">DEXs\u003C/a>, which came later, enabled similar functionality. One example is Osmosis, which was built using the Cosmos Interblockchain Communication (IBC) protocol, enabling swaps across chains in the Cosmos ecosystem. \u003Ca href=\"/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-sushiswap-sushi/\">SushiSwap\u003C/a> also launched its own cross-chain solution for swaps.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Bridges\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Bridges are protocols or applications that allow the transfer of assets and information between blockchains connected to the bridge. A bridge typically operates using a burn-and-mint or lock-and-mint mechanism that locks an asset on the original host chain while creating a mirrored version on the target chain. Once the asset returns through the bridge, the mirrored version is burned or locked.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Examples of bridges include the Portal Token Bridge (formerly Wormhole), which connects Ethereum, Solana, \u003Ca href=\"/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-polygon-matic/\">Polygon\u003C/a>, \u003Ca href=\"/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-sui/\">Sui\u003C/a>, and \u003Ca href=\"/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-near-protocol-near/\">NEAR\u003C/a>, among others, and the Celer cBridge, which connects over 40 blockchains and Layer 2s.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Cross-chain protocols\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Several blockchain projects were conceived with the interoperability problem in mind and built to facilitate cross-chain communication and transfers within their own ecosystems. The most prominent examples are Cosmos and \u003Ca href=\"/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-polkadot-dot/\">Polkadot\u003C/a>. Both provide a set of protocols and developer tools that enable developers to build their own blockchains and connect to a central chain for functionality such as the ability to interact with the wider network, security, and consensus.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-chainlink-link/\">Chainlink\u003C/a> is another example. As a provider of decentralized oracles, it has played a role in allowing blockchains to incorporate real-world data into smart contract transactions. The project developed its own Cross-Chain Interoperability Protocol (CCIP), which facilitates permissionless cross-chain token transfers and arbitrary \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/how-do-smart-contracts-work/\">smart contract\u003C/a> messaging across different blockchain networks, including the ability for developers to trigger calls on smart contracts deployed on other blockchains.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Layer 2s and sidechains\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Layer 2s and sidechains are designed to interoperate with a base layer or main chain. For instance, Arbitrum and Optimism are both Ethereum Layer 2s that send batched transactions to the main Ethereum chain. These protocols may not facilitate interoperability for users and developers in the same way as the other solutions above, but their ability to interoperate with another blockchain enables scalability as a benefit.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Blockchain interoperability essentials\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Blockchain interoperability is the capacity to send information and/or assets across blockchain networks.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Interoperability plays an important role in improving user experience and liquidity flow, as well as enabling benefits such as scalability.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Token swap and bridge protocols address the ability to send messages and tokens, while cross-chain protocols aim to provide a more comprehensive solution, enabling interactions across connected blockchains.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n","full","left",{"text":16},[],[],"July 26th, 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3TW",{},{},{"noFollow":35,"isExternal":35,"name":205,"value":16,"isEmail":35,"isPhoneNumber":35,"isText":32,"showOnDesktop":32,"showOnMobile":32,"attachment":206,"geofencings":207},"United Kingdom",{},{},{"title":209,"content":16,"items":210},"Contact",[211,216,220,224,228,232,237,242,247],{"noFollow":35,"isExternal":35,"name":212,"value":213,"isEmail":35,"isPhoneNumber":35,"isText":35,"showOnDesktop":32,"showOnMobile":32,"attachment":214,"geofencings":215},"Customer support","/customer-support/",{},{},{"noFollow":35,"isExternal":35,"name":217,"value":217,"isEmail":32,"isPhoneNumber":35,"isText":35,"showOnDesktop":32,"showOnMobile":32,"attachment":218,"geofencings":219},"info@bitstamp.net",{},{},{"noFollow":35,"isExternal":35,"name":221,"value":221,"isEmail":32,"isPhoneNumber":35,"isText":35,"showOnDesktop":32,"showOnMobile":32,"attachment":222,"geofencings":223},"press@bitstamp.net",{},{},{"noFollow":35,"isExternal":35,"name":225,"value":225,"isEmail":32,"isPhoneNumber":35,"isText":35,"showOnDesktop":32,"showOnMobile":32,"attachment":226,"geofencings":227},"support@bitstamp.net",{},{},{"noFollow":35,"isExternal":35,"name":229,"value":229,"isEmail":32,"isPhoneNumber":35,"isText":35,"showOnDesktop":32,"showOnMobile":32,"attachment":230,"geofencings":231},"complaints@bitstamp.net",{},{},{"noFollow":35,"isExternal":35,"name":233,"value":234,"isEmail":35,"isPhoneNumber":32,"isText":35,"showOnDesktop":32,"showOnMobile":32,"attachment":235,"geofencings":236},"+44 20 3868 9628","+442038689628",{},{},{"noFollow":35,"isExternal":35,"name":238,"value":239,"isEmail":35,"isPhoneNumber":32,"isText":35,"showOnDesktop":32,"showOnMobile":32,"attachment":240,"geofencings":241},"+1 800 712 5702","+18007125702",{},{},{"noFollow":35,"isExternal":35,"name":243,"value":244,"isEmail":35,"isPhoneNumber":32,"isText":35,"showOnDesktop":32,"showOnMobile":32,"attachment":245,"geofencings":246},"+352 20 88 10 96","+35220881096",{},{},{"noFollow":35,"isExternal":35,"name":248,"value":249,"isEmail":35,"isPhoneNumber":32,"isText":35,"showOnDesktop":32,"showOnMobile":32,"attachment":250,"geofencings":251},"+65 3105 1676","+6531051676",{},{},"\u003Cp>Please read the general \u003Ca href=\"/legal/risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Warning\u003C/a>, and \u003Ca href=\"/legal/uk-investment-risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Summary\u003C/a> for UK residents before investing in crypto-assets. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Crypto-assets services are provided by the following Bitstamp legal entities depending on client residency: (1) Bitstamp Europe S.A., which is authorized by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) in Luxembourg as a payment institution (licence number Z00000012) and crypto-asset service provider (licence number N00000003); Registered address: 40, avenue Monterey, L-2163 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; Registration number: B196856; (2) Bitstamp UK Ltd., which is registered with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK for the provision of certain cryptoassets activities under the Money Laundering Regulations (Firm Reference Number 978690); Registered address: 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom; Registration number: 14174243; (3) Bitstamp Ltd.with its registered address at 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom and registration number: 8157033; (4) Bitstamp Global Ltd., which is registered as a Virtual Asset Service Provider in the British Virgin Islands and is supervised by the British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission (FSC); Registered address: Floor 4, Banco Popular Building, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, British Virgin Islands; Registered number: 2086429; and (5) Bitstamp Asia Pte Ltd, which is authorized by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) as a major payment institution (licence number PS20200667); Registered address: 63 Chulia Street, OCBC Centre East, #15-01, Singapore 049514; Registered number: 202016687K;\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Virtual currency services to US residents are provided by Bitstamp USA, Inc., which is licensed to engage in virtual currency business activity by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Licensed as a Money Transmitter by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Review a \u003Ca href=\"/legal/usa-inc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">list of its licenses and other registrations\u003C/a> (NMLS number \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">1905429\u003C/a>) for more information; Registered address: 85 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America; Registered number: 5481543.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Investment services with regards to trading in crypto derivatives are provided by Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd., which is authorized and supervised by the Slovenian Securities Market Agency (ATVP) as a MiFiD investment firm. Trading crypto derivatives carries significant risks and may result in substantial losses. Please trade responsibly and ensure you understand the associated risks. You can find more about the risks \u003Ca href=\"/legal/financial-services/general-terms-and-conditions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>. To help you understand the risks involved we have put together a series of \u003Ca href=\"/derivatives/key-information-documents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Key Information Documents (KIDs)\u003C/a> highlighting the risks and rewards related to each derivatives contract. Crypto derivatives trading is not available to customers in the US, Canada, Japan and some other countries. Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd. does not provide crypto-asset services.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To find out more about which Bitstamp entity you receive services from, please check the Profile/My information in your Bitstamp account. You can read more about our legal terms, policies and disclosures \u003Ca href=\"/legal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n","\u003Cp>All rights reserved © 2026 Bitstamp by Robinhood. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">NMLS #1905429\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\n",{"description":6,"ogDescription":6,"ogImage":255,"twitterImage":255,"twitterSite":256,"twitterCreator":256,"twitterCard":257,"twitterTitle":5,"twitterDescription":6,"titleTemplate":258},"https://assets.bitstamp.net/msc/_ipx/enlarge_true&f_png&fit_cover&q_85&s_1200x630/bitstampImageUrl/What_is_Blockchain_Interoperability_The_Future_of_Connected_Chainssvg_5b67efa1fb_d5597ce5ea.png","@Bitstamp","summary_large_image","%s",{"items":260,"ready":32,"platformButtonText":303,"backButtonText":304,"logInButtonText":305,"signUpButtonText":306},[261,265,269,272,275,278,281,286,289,294,299],{"headerName":262,"sidemenuName":133,"url":134,"noFollow":35,"showInHeader":32,"showInSidemenu":32,"geofencings":263,"submenu":264,"tag":16},"Institutions",{},[],{"headerName":125,"sidemenuName":125,"url":126,"noFollow":35,"showInHeader":32,"showInSidemenu":32,"geofencings":266,"submenu":267,"tag":268},{},[],"NEW",{"headerName":148,"sidemenuName":148,"url":149,"noFollow":35,"showInHeader":32,"showInSidemenu":32,"geofencings":270,"submenu":271,"tag":16},{},[],{"headerName":105,"sidemenuName":105,"url":106,"noFollow":35,"showInHeader":32,"showInSidemenu":32,"geofencings":273,"submenu":274,"tag":16},{},[],{"headerName":115,"sidemenuName":115,"url":116,"noFollow":35,"showInHeader":32,"showInSidemenu":32,"geofencings":276,"submenu":277,"tag":16},{},[],{"headerName":120,"sidemenuName":120,"url":121,"noFollow":35,"showInHeader":32,"showInSidemenu":32,"geofencings":279,"submenu":280,"tag":16},{"geofencing-uk":32},[],{"headerName":282,"sidemenuName":282,"url":283,"noFollow":35,"showInHeader":32,"showInSidemenu":32,"geofencings":284,"submenu":285,"tag":16},"Markets","/markets/",{},[],{"headerName":110,"sidemenuName":110,"url":111,"noFollow":35,"showInHeader":32,"showInSidemenu":32,"geofencings":287,"submenu":288,"tag":16},{},[],{"headerName":290,"sidemenuName":290,"url":291,"noFollow":35,"showInHeader":32,"showInSidemenu":32,"geofencings":292,"submenu":293,"tag":16},"Blog","https://blog.bitstamp.net/",{},[],{"headerName":295,"sidemenuName":295,"url":296,"noFollow":35,"showInHeader":32,"showInSidemenu":32,"geofencings":297,"submenu":298,"tag":16},"Learn","/learn/",{},[],{"headerName":300,"sidemenuName":300,"url":106,"noFollow":35,"showInHeader":35,"showInSidemenu":32,"geofencings":301,"submenu":302,"tag":16},"Get Bitstamp by Robinhood app",{},[],"Go to platform","Back","Log in","Get started",[308,310,314,318,322,326,330,334,338,342],{"title":31,"url":30,"geofencings":309},{},{"title":311,"url":312,"geofencings":313},"Company profiles","/learn/company-profiles/",{},{"title":315,"url":316,"geofencings":317},"Crypto 101","/learn/crypto-101/",{},{"title":319,"url":320,"geofencings":321},"Crypto definitions","/learn/crypto-definitions/",{},{"title":323,"url":324,"geofencings":325},"Crypto trading","/learn/crypto-trading/",{},{"title":327,"url":328,"geofencings":329},"Cryptocurrency guide","/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/",{"geofencing-uk":32},{"title":331,"url":332,"geofencings":333},"People profiles","/learn/people-profiles/",{},{"title":335,"url":336,"geofencings":337},"Security","/learn/security/",{},{"title":339,"url":340,"geofencings":341},"Tutorials","/learn/bitstamp-tutorials/",{},{"title":343,"url":344,"geofencings":345},"Web3","/learn/web3/",{},1776943580455]