[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":347},["ShallowReactive",2],{"api/learn-center-post-en-what-is-byzantine-fault-tolerance-bft":3,"footer-en":57,"learn/blockchain/what-is-byzantine-fault-tolerance-bft-en-seo":255,"navigation-en-learn-center":260,"api/learn-categories-en":308},{"seo":4,"locale":28,"breadcrumbs":29,"excerpt":37,"featuredImage":38,"components":39,"title":5,"formattedPublishedAt":50,"geofencings":51,"category":52,"pagination":54,"campaignExternalId":8},{"title":5,"metaTitle":6,"metaDescription":7,"keywords":8,"metaRobots":8,"structuredData":9,"metaImage":10,"metaSocial":18,"canonicalURL":8,"localizations":19},"What is Byzantine Fault Tolerance? (BFT)","What is Byzantine Fault Tolerance? (BFT) | Bitstamp by Robinhood","What is Byzantine Fault Tolerance? Read about BFT and start trading with Bitstamp by Robinhood – the original crypto exchange.",null,{},{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},"bitstampImageUrl/Byzantine_Fault_Tolerancepng_53ad815fdb_d980eed5f4.png","image/png",".png",3840,2160,"Byzantine_Fault_Tolerancepng_53ad815fdb.png","",[],[20,23,26],{"pathname":21,"locale":22},"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/what-is-byzantine-fault-tolerance-bft/","en-GB",{"pathname":24,"locale":25},"/es/learn/blockchain/what-is-byzantine-fault-tolerance-bft/","es",{"pathname":27,"locale":28},"/learn/blockchain/what-is-byzantine-fault-tolerance-bft/","en",[30,34],{"id":31,"text":32,"url":31,"asUrl":33},"/learn/blockchain/","Blockchain technology",true,{"id":35,"text":5,"url":27,"asUrl":36},"what-is-byzantine-fault-tolerance-bft",false,"\u003Cp>Byzantine fault tolerance is a measure of the ability of a distributed system to continue operating even if one or more of its components fails.\u003C/p>\n",{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},[40],{"component":41,"props":42,"content":43,"secondaryContent":47,"ctas":48,"secondaryCtas":49,"ctasNoMarginTop":36},"section.full-text",{"centered":36,"withoutSectionContainer":36},{"text":44,"width":45,"align":46},"\u003Cp>A defining characteristic of blockchains such as \u003Ca href=\"/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-bitcoin-btc/\">Bitcoin\u003C/a> or \u003Ca href=\"/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-ethereum-eth/\">Ethereum\u003C/a> is that they are run by open networks of nodes, which anyone can join pseudonymously without permission, provided they have the necessary hardware and software. They are decentralized, so there is no central entity coordinating activities. Instead, rules and communication protocols govern the operation of the network and the methods by which nodes reach consensus.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>But what if a node, or group of nodes, decides to \u003Ca href=\"/learn/security/what-is-a-51-percent-attack/\">attack\u003C/a> the network by transmitting information about false transactions in an attempt to steal funds? The ability of the network to resist such an attack and continue operating uninterrupted is known as Byzantine fault tolerance.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>History of Byzantine fault tolerance\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The term Byzantine fault tolerance originates with the \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-is-the-byzantine-generals-problem/\">Byzantine Generals’ problem\u003C/a>, a game theory problem that poses the dilemma faced by a hypothetical group of Byzantine generals stationed outside an enemy city who wish to coordinate an attack. To do so, they need a secure means of communication that will allow them to identify whether other generals are transmitting unreliable information, possibly in an attempt to subvert the attack. It’s a simple analogy, but it sums up the challenges facing distributed system developers very well.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The Byzantine Generals’ problem was first outlined in a 1982 paper by three computer scientists, Leslie Lamport, Robert Shostak, and Marshall Pease. The term “fault” was already common parlance to describe the kind of failure described by the Byzantine Generals’ problem; thus, Byzantine fault tolerance became the term to describe resilience to such failures.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In the 1990s, researchers developed an algorithm called “Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance” (pBFT) which enabled nodes in a network to reach consensus without relying on a central entity to coordinate. However, it had limited practical applications since the time taken to reach consensus increased exponentially compared to the rate of network growth.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto published the Bitcoin white paper, which proposed a novel Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus method based on the \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-is-proof-of-work-pow/\">proof of work (PoW)\u003C/a> protocol. Since the launch of Bitcoin, blockchain researchers have advanced these efforts through the development of other blockchain consensus methods, such as \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-is-proof-of-stake-pos/\">proof of stake (PoS)\u003C/a> which also aim to achieve Byzantine fault tolerance.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>How blockchain consensus protocols attain Byzantine fault tolerance\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In any blockchain network, regardless of the consensus method used, miners or validators must reach consensus over the validity of each transaction before it’s added to the blockchain ledger. To check if a transaction is valid, it’s compared to the historical data on the ledger and discarded if it appears that the action will be inconsistent – for example, if someone is trying to send funds they don’t have in their account. However, validated transactions are included as a permanent, unalterable record on the ledger, which is shared with all participants. Therefore, all participants have shared points of truth against which to validate future incoming transactions.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Consensus protocols rely on the principle of \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/fundamentals-of-game-theory/\">game theory\u003C/a> to provide sufficient incentives to network participants to act in the interests of the network rather than launch an attack. Large networks such as Bitcoin and Ethereum have remained secure for many years thanks to the incentive power of their reward structures.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Understanding Byzantine fault tolerance in blockchains\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>A Byzantine fault is defined as any distributed system failure that manifests with different symptoms to different observers. Since blockchain networks aim to achieve consensus regarding the state of the ledger, Byzantine faults typically take the form of conflicting information regarding transaction data, which may involve a miner or validator proposing an invalid block or attempting to validate an invalid transaction.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In some cases, the node operators behind such faults may be attempting to launch a malicious attack, but nodes can also suffer from faulty hardware or software that may cause them to inadvertently present false information. The larger a network becomes, the more likely such faults are to occur.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Therefore, the purpose of consensus protocols is not to eliminate such faults and achieve 100% Byzantine fault tolerance but to ensure that the system can continue operating regardless of the fact that Byzantine faults will inevitably occur. The consensus protocol only needs to ensure that a majority of nodes can reach a consensus while acting in the interests of the network, and the blockchain will continue operating with the transaction ledger intact.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Although Byzantine fault tolerance is a feature of blockchains, it’s also a feature of other types of distributed systems used in applications, including nuclear power plants, flight control systems, and space travel.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Byzantine fault tolerance essentials\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Byzantine fault tolerance refers to the resilience of distributed systems against the failure of one or more components\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Blockchains achieve Byzantine fault tolerance through the application of consensus protocols which enable network nodes to validate transactions\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The objective of consensus protocols is not to eliminate Byzantine faults but to ensure that the system is sufficiently tolerant against faults, provided that a majority of participants are acting in its interests\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n","full","left",{"text":17},[],[],"August 25th, 2023",{},{"title":32,"url":31,"geofencings":53},{},{"previous":55,"next":56},"/learn/blockchain/what-is-blockchain-scaling/","/learn/blockchain/what-is-data-availability-in-blockchain-ensuring-secure-and-accessible-on-chain-data/",{"ready":33,"sections":58,"disclaimer":253,"copyright":254},[59,102,130,153,190,209],{"title":60,"content":17,"items":61},"About",[62,67,72,77,82,87,92,97],{"noFollow":33,"isExternal":36,"name":63,"value":64,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":36,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":65,"geofencings":66},"Who We 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Kingdom",{},{},{"title":210,"content":17,"items":211},"Contact",[212,217,221,225,229,233,238,243,248],{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":213,"value":214,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":36,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":215,"geofencings":216},"Customer 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20 3868 9628","+442038689628",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":239,"value":240,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":241,"geofencings":242},"+1 800 712 5702","+18007125702",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":244,"value":245,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":246,"geofencings":247},"+352 20 88 10 96","+35220881096",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":249,"value":250,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":251,"geofencings":252},"+65 3105 1676","+6531051676",{},{},"\u003Cp>Please read the general \u003Ca href=\"/legal/risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Warning\u003C/a>, and \u003Ca href=\"/legal/uk-investment-risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Summary\u003C/a> for UK residents before investing in crypto-assets. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Crypto-assets services are provided by the following Bitstamp legal entities depending on client residency: (1) Bitstamp Europe S.A., which is authorized by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) in Luxembourg as a payment institution (licence number Z00000012) and crypto-asset service provider (licence number N00000003); Registered address: 40, avenue Monterey, L-2163 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; Registration number: B196856; (2) Bitstamp UK Ltd., which is registered with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK for the provision of certain cryptoassets activities under the Money Laundering Regulations (Firm Reference Number 978690); Registered address: 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom; Registration number: 14174243; (3) Bitstamp Ltd.with its registered address at 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom and registration number: 8157033; (4) Bitstamp Global Ltd., which is registered as a Virtual Asset Service Provider in the British Virgin Islands and is supervised by the British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission (FSC); Registered address: Floor 4, Banco Popular Building, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, British Virgin Islands; Registered number: 2086429; and (5) Bitstamp Asia Pte Ltd, which is authorized by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) as a major payment institution (licence number PS20200667); Registered address: 63 Chulia Street, OCBC Centre East, #15-01, Singapore 049514; Registered number: 202016687K;\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Virtual currency services to US residents are provided by Bitstamp USA, Inc., which is licensed to engage in virtual currency business activity by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Licensed as a Money Transmitter by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Review a \u003Ca href=\"/legal/usa-inc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">list of its licenses and other registrations\u003C/a> (NMLS number \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">1905429\u003C/a>) for more information; Registered address: 85 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America; Registered number: 5481543.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Investment services with regards to trading in crypto derivatives are provided by Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd., which is authorized and supervised by the Slovenian Securities Market Agency (ATVP) as a MiFiD investment firm. Trading crypto derivatives carries significant risks and may result in substantial losses. Please trade responsibly and ensure you understand the associated risks. You can find more about the risks \u003Ca href=\"/legal/financial-services/general-terms-and-conditions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>. To help you understand the risks involved we have put together a series of \u003Ca href=\"/derivatives/key-information-documents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Key Information Documents (KIDs)\u003C/a> highlighting the risks and rewards related to each derivatives contract. Crypto derivatives trading is not available to customers in the US, Canada, Japan and some other countries. Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd. does not provide crypto-asset services.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To find out more about which Bitstamp entity you receive services from, please check the Profile/My information in your Bitstamp account. You can read more about our legal terms, policies and disclosures \u003Ca href=\"/legal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n","\u003Cp>All rights reserved © 2026 Bitstamp by Robinhood. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">NMLS #1905429\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\n",{"description":7,"ogDescription":7,"ogImage":256,"twitterImage":256,"twitterSite":257,"twitterCreator":257,"twitterCard":258,"twitterTitle":6,"twitterDescription":7,"titleTemplate":259},"https://assets.bitstamp.net/msc/_ipx/enlarge_true&f_png&fit_cover&q_85&s_1200x630/bitstampImageUrl/Byzantine_Fault_Tolerancepng_53ad815fdb_d980eed5f4.png","@Bitstamp","summary_large_image","%s",{"items":261,"ready":33,"platformButtonText":304,"backButtonText":305,"logInButtonText":306,"signUpButtonText":307},[262,266,270,273,276,279,282,287,290,295,300],{"headerName":263,"sidemenuName":134,"url":135,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":264,"submenu":265,"tag":17},"Institutions",{},[],{"headerName":126,"sidemenuName":126,"url":127,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":267,"submenu":268,"tag":269},{},[],"NEW",{"headerName":149,"sidemenuName":149,"url":150,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":271,"submenu":272,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":106,"sidemenuName":106,"url":107,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":274,"submenu":275,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":116,"sidemenuName":116,"url":117,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":277,"submenu":278,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":121,"sidemenuName":121,"url":122,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":280,"submenu":281,"tag":17},{"geofencing-uk":33},[],{"headerName":283,"sidemenuName":283,"url":284,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":285,"submenu":286,"tag":17},"Markets","/markets/",{},[],{"headerName":111,"sidemenuName":111,"url":112,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":288,"submenu":289,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":291,"sidemenuName":291,"url":292,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":293,"submenu":294,"tag":17},"Blog","https://blog.bitstamp.net/",{},[],{"headerName":296,"sidemenuName":296,"url":297,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":298,"submenu":299,"tag":17},"Learn","/learn/",{},[],{"headerName":301,"sidemenuName":301,"url":107,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":36,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":302,"submenu":303,"tag":17},"Get Bitstamp by Robinhood app",{},[],"Go to platform","Back","Log in","Get started",[309,311,315,319,323,327,331,335,339,343],{"title":32,"url":31,"geofencings":310},{},{"title":312,"url":313,"geofencings":314},"Company profiles","/learn/company-profiles/",{},{"title":316,"url":317,"geofencings":318},"Crypto 101","/learn/crypto-101/",{},{"title":320,"url":321,"geofencings":322},"Crypto definitions","/learn/crypto-definitions/",{},{"title":324,"url":325,"geofencings":326},"Crypto trading","/learn/crypto-trading/",{},{"title":328,"url":329,"geofencings":330},"Cryptocurrency guide","/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/",{"geofencing-uk":33},{"title":332,"url":333,"geofencings":334},"People profiles","/learn/people-profiles/",{},{"title":336,"url":337,"geofencings":338},"Security","/learn/security/",{},{"title":340,"url":341,"geofencings":342},"Tutorials","/learn/bitstamp-tutorials/",{},{"title":344,"url":345,"geofencings":346},"Web3","/learn/web3/",{},1776943592497]