[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":347},["ShallowReactive",2],{"api/learn-center-post-en-what-is-segregated-witness-segwit":3,"footer-en":57,"learn/blockchain/what-is-segregated-witness-segwit-en-seo":255,"navigation-en-learn-center":260,"api/learn-categories-en":308},{"seo":4,"locale":28,"breadcrumbs":29,"excerpt":37,"featuredImage":38,"components":39,"title":5,"formattedPublishedAt":50,"geofencings":51,"category":52,"pagination":54,"campaignExternalId":8},{"title":5,"metaTitle":6,"metaDescription":7,"keywords":8,"metaRobots":8,"structuredData":9,"metaImage":10,"metaSocial":18,"canonicalURL":8,"localizations":19},"What is Segregated Witness? (SegWit)","What is Segregated Witness? (SegWit) - Bitstamp Learn Center","What is Segregated Witness? How did it  improve the Bitcoin network? - Learn more on the Bitstamp Learn Center",null,{},{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},"bitstampImageUrl/1920x1080px_illustrations_learningcenter_03svg_84fb4e73b7_a6844e1804.svg","image/svg+xml",".svg",192,108,"1920x1080px_illustrations_learningcenter_03svg_84fb4e73b7.svg","",[],[20,23,26],{"pathname":21,"locale":22},"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/what-is-segregated-witness-segwit/","en-GB",{"pathname":24,"locale":25},"/es/learn/blockchain/what-is-segregated-witness-segwit/","es",{"pathname":27,"locale":28},"/learn/blockchain/what-is-segregated-witness-segwit/","en",[30,34],{"id":31,"text":32,"url":31,"asUrl":33},"/learn/blockchain/","Blockchain technology",true,{"id":35,"text":5,"url":27,"asUrl":36},"what-is-segregated-witness-segwit",false,"\u003Cp>The \u003Ca href=\"/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-bitcoin-btc/\">Bitcoin\u003C/a> protocol is subject to regular updates aimed at upgrading the protocol, addressing flaws and resolving security issues. Since its inception in 2009, many upgrades have already been successfully implemented. One of the more notable upgrades dealt with so-called \u003Cstrong>transaction malleability\u003C/strong>, which made it possible for attackers to indirectly modify transaction IDs.\u003C/p>\n",{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},[40],{"component":41,"props":42,"content":43,"secondaryContent":47,"ctas":48,"secondaryCtas":49,"ctasNoMarginTop":36},"section.full-text",{"centered":36,"withoutSectionContainer":36},{"text":44,"width":45,"align":46},"\u003Cp>The solution implemented to fix transaction malleability is referred to as \u003Cstrong>Segregated Witness\u003C/strong>, or \u003Cstrong>SegWit\u003C/strong>. This article explains how SegWit stopped transaction malleability and outlines SegWit’s extended functionality, which made it possible to introduce many different types of scaling options (\u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/what-is-blockchain-scaling/\">read this article to learn about blockchain scaling\u003C/a>).\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Segwit Essentials\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Segregated Witness, or SegWit, is a protocol implemented to fix transaction malleability which allowed for transaction IDs and hashes to be modified.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>SegWit virtually increases block size four times with the block weight concept.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>SegWit reduces transaction fees.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Its design was proposed in Bitcoin Improvement Proposals (BIPs) 141, 148 and 91.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>SegWit makes it possible to set up Schnorr signatures and facilitates the implementation of the Lightning Network.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch2>Design and development\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>SegWit was conceptualized and presented by developer Pieter Wiulle at the Scaling Bitcoin conference in December 2015, where the primary topic was making Bitcoin grow bigger and faster. With the promise of opening the door to Bitcoin scaling, SegWit immediately garnered substantial community support.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The design of SegWit was first outlined in Bitcoin Improvement Proposals (\u003Cstrong>BIPs) 141\u003C/strong> and \u003Cstrong>148\u003C/strong>. Its initial purpose was to address the ability to change signatures and, consequently, transaction IDs, which is commonly referred to as \u003Cstrong>transaction malleability\u003C/strong>. This was a flawed piece of code that allowed anyone to alter small transaction details to modify a transaction hash, which also changed the transaction ID.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>And while transaction malleability allowed for the modification of transaction ID, it did not enable the contents of BTC transactions to be changed. As it only allowed for the transaction ID and hash to be altered, transaction malleability never really posed a major risk to the Bitcoin protocol. It did, however, inhibit the development of more complex features, for instance various scaling solutions and smart contract functionality.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In addition to fixing transaction malleability, SegWit also reinvents the concept of block size. While the size of blocks in the Bitcoin blockchain was traditionally limited to 1 MB of data, SegWit builds upon this with a new concept termed \u003Cstrong>block weight\u003C/strong>. With block weight, each block has a limit of 4 M weight units, or 1 M vbytes, meaning that 1 vbyte equals 4 weight units. As a result, nodes with software updated with the SegWit protocol can potentially send and receive four times the amount of data they could before the SegWit \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-are-blockchain-forks/\">soft fork\u003C/a>. However, due to various constraints, blocks are never that large – the average block size revolves around 1.3 MB.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This redesign of block size also results in \u003Cstrong>lower transaction fees\u003C/strong>. Before SegWit, transaction fees were determined as fee per transaction size. With the introduction of the block weight concept, this changed to fee per weight unit. As SegWit reduces the burden on the \u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/what-is-a-blockchain/\">blockchain\u003C/a>, fees required for the validation and addition of transactions to the blockchain are reduced accordingly.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To test its functionality, SegWit was first activated on Litecoin on 10 May 2017. Once it proved to be operational, it was also implemented on Bitcoin on 23 August 2017. Since it was implemented by means of a soft fork, the blockchain is compatible with the nodes that do not support SegWit. This means that full nodes in the Bitcoin network will have the same copy of the ledger, regardless of how large their blocks are.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>A foundation for scaling\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Once SegWit was put in place, it enabled new scaling methods in terms of both on-chain and off-chain scaling solutions.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>SegWit makes it possible to implement \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/what-are-schnorr-signatures/\">Schnorr signatures\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>. A Schnorr signature is a digital signature created by the Schnorr signature algorithm. Its security is based on the intractability of discrete logarithm problems. As it is short, it takes up less space on the blockchain than a traditional signature. This reduces the load on the blockchain and increases the network’s throughput by means of first-layer scaling.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>But perhaps a more interesting feature unlocked by SegWit is \u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/what-are-layer-2-solutions/\">layer 2\u003C/a> scaling. The malleability fix has opened the door to the safe implementation of the \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/what-is-the-lightning-network/\">Lightning Network\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>. Lightning is a separate network that combines channels between different network users and the six-degrees-of-separation principle to connect users who have not yet transacted before. The technology requires that only the starting and final balance of the channel has to be written to the blockchain, but none of the transactions in between. This unburdens the blockchain, reduces transaction fees and increases the network’s speed.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The implementation of SegWit was a key stepping stone in enhancing Bitcoin scalability. It has far outgrown its initial design (eliminating transaction malleability) and proved to be essential in supporting the ever-growing masses using the largest cryptocurrency. As of writing this article, over half of bitcoin transactions have adopted SegWit, with the number projected to grow in the future.\u003C/p>\n","full","left",{"text":17},[],[],"August 5th, 2022",{},{"title":32,"url":31,"geofencings":53},{},{"previous":55,"next":56},"/learn/blockchain/what-is-restaking/","/learn/blockchain/what-is-sha-256/",{"ready":33,"sections":58,"disclaimer":253,"copyright":254},[59,102,130,153,190,209],{"title":60,"content":17,"items":61},"About",[62,67,72,77,82,87,92,97],{"noFollow":33,"isExternal":36,"name":63,"value":64,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":36,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":65,"geofencings":66},"Who We 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Kingdom",{},{},{"title":210,"content":17,"items":211},"Contact",[212,217,221,225,229,233,238,243,248],{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":213,"value":214,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":36,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":215,"geofencings":216},"Customer 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20 3868 9628","+442038689628",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":239,"value":240,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":241,"geofencings":242},"+1 800 712 5702","+18007125702",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":244,"value":245,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":246,"geofencings":247},"+352 20 88 10 96","+35220881096",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":249,"value":250,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":251,"geofencings":252},"+65 3105 1676","+6531051676",{},{},"\u003Cp>Please read the general \u003Ca href=\"/legal/risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Warning\u003C/a>, and \u003Ca href=\"/legal/uk-investment-risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Summary\u003C/a> for UK residents before investing in crypto-assets. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Crypto-assets services are provided by the following Bitstamp legal entities depending on client residency: (1) Bitstamp Europe S.A., which is authorized by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) in Luxembourg as a payment institution (licence number Z00000012) and crypto-asset service provider (licence number N00000003); Registered address: 40, avenue Monterey, L-2163 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; Registration number: B196856; (2) Bitstamp UK Ltd., which is registered with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK for the provision of certain cryptoassets activities under the Money Laundering Regulations (Firm Reference Number 978690); Registered address: 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom; Registration number: 14174243; (3) Bitstamp Ltd.with its registered address at 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom and registration number: 8157033; (4) Bitstamp Global Ltd., which is registered as a Virtual Asset Service Provider in the British Virgin Islands and is supervised by the British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission (FSC); Registered address: Floor 4, Banco Popular Building, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, British Virgin Islands; Registered number: 2086429; and (5) Bitstamp Asia Pte Ltd, which is authorized by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) as a major payment institution (licence number PS20200667); Registered address: 63 Chulia Street, OCBC Centre East, #15-01, Singapore 049514; Registered number: 202016687K;\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Virtual currency services to US residents are provided by Bitstamp USA, Inc., which is licensed to engage in virtual currency business activity by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Licensed as a Money Transmitter by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Review a \u003Ca href=\"/legal/usa-inc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">list of its licenses and other registrations\u003C/a> (NMLS number \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">1905429\u003C/a>) for more information; Registered address: 85 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America; Registered number: 5481543.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Investment services with regards to trading in crypto derivatives are provided by Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd., which is authorized and supervised by the Slovenian Securities Market Agency (ATVP) as a MiFiD investment firm. Trading crypto derivatives carries significant risks and may result in substantial losses. Please trade responsibly and ensure you understand the associated risks. You can find more about the risks \u003Ca href=\"/legal/financial-services/general-terms-and-conditions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>. To help you understand the risks involved we have put together a series of \u003Ca href=\"/derivatives/key-information-documents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Key Information Documents (KIDs)\u003C/a> highlighting the risks and rewards related to each derivatives contract. Crypto derivatives trading is not available to customers in the US, Canada, Japan and some other countries. Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd. does not provide crypto-asset services.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To find out more about which Bitstamp entity you receive services from, please check the Profile/My information in your Bitstamp account. You can read more about our legal terms, policies and disclosures \u003Ca href=\"/legal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n","\u003Cp>All rights reserved © 2026 Bitstamp by Robinhood. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">NMLS #1905429\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\n",{"description":7,"ogDescription":7,"ogImage":256,"twitterImage":256,"twitterSite":257,"twitterCreator":257,"twitterCard":258,"twitterTitle":6,"twitterDescription":7,"titleTemplate":259},"https://assets.bitstamp.net/msc/_ipx/enlarge_true&f_png&fit_cover&q_85&s_1200x630/bitstampImageUrl/1920x1080px_illustrations_learningcenter_03svg_84fb4e73b7_a6844e1804.png","@Bitstamp","summary_large_image","%s",{"items":261,"ready":33,"platformButtonText":304,"backButtonText":305,"logInButtonText":306,"signUpButtonText":307},[262,266,270,273,276,279,282,287,290,295,300],{"headerName":263,"sidemenuName":134,"url":135,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":264,"submenu":265,"tag":17},"Institutions",{},[],{"headerName":126,"sidemenuName":126,"url":127,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":267,"submenu":268,"tag":269},{},[],"NEW",{"headerName":149,"sidemenuName":149,"url":150,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":271,"submenu":272,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":106,"sidemenuName":106,"url":107,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":274,"submenu":275,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":116,"sidemenuName":116,"url":117,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":277,"submenu":278,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":121,"sidemenuName":121,"url":122,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":280,"submenu":281,"tag":17},{"geofencing-uk":33},[],{"headerName":283,"sidemenuName":283,"url":284,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":285,"submenu":286,"tag":17},"Markets","/markets/",{},[],{"headerName":111,"sidemenuName":111,"url":112,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":288,"submenu":289,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":291,"sidemenuName":291,"url":292,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":293,"submenu":294,"tag":17},"Blog","https://blog.bitstamp.net/",{},[],{"headerName":296,"sidemenuName":296,"url":297,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":298,"submenu":299,"tag":17},"Learn","/learn/",{},[],{"headerName":301,"sidemenuName":301,"url":107,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":36,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":302,"submenu":303,"tag":17},"Get Bitstamp by Robinhood app",{},[],"Go to platform","Back","Log in","Get started",[309,311,315,319,323,327,331,335,339,343],{"title":32,"url":31,"geofencings":310},{},{"title":312,"url":313,"geofencings":314},"Company profiles","/learn/company-profiles/",{},{"title":316,"url":317,"geofencings":318},"Crypto 101","/learn/crypto-101/",{},{"title":320,"url":321,"geofencings":322},"Crypto definitions","/learn/crypto-definitions/",{},{"title":324,"url":325,"geofencings":326},"Crypto trading","/learn/crypto-trading/",{},{"title":328,"url":329,"geofencings":330},"Cryptocurrency guide","/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/",{"geofencing-uk":33},{"title":332,"url":333,"geofencings":334},"People profiles","/learn/people-profiles/",{},{"title":336,"url":337,"geofencings":338},"Security","/learn/security/",{},{"title":340,"url":341,"geofencings":342},"Tutorials","/learn/bitstamp-tutorials/",{},{"title":344,"url":345,"geofencings":346},"Web3","/learn/web3/",{},1775055427083]