[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":346},["ShallowReactive",2],{"api/learn-center-post-en-what-is-the-ethereum-virtual-machine-evm":3,"footer-en":57,"learn/blockchain/what-is-the-ethereum-virtual-machine-evm-en-seo":255,"navigation-en-learn-center":260,"api/learn-categories-en":307},{"seo":4,"locale":28,"breadcrumbs":29,"excerpt":37,"featuredImage":38,"components":39,"title":5,"formattedPublishedAt":50,"geofencings":51,"category":52,"pagination":54,"campaignExternalId":8},{"title":5,"metaTitle":6,"metaDescription":7,"keywords":8,"metaRobots":8,"structuredData":9,"metaImage":10,"metaSocial":18,"canonicalURL":8,"localizations":19},"What is the Ethereum Virtual Machine? (EVM)","What is the Ethereum Virtual Machine? (EVM) - Bitstamp Learn Center","What is the Ethereum Virtual Machine? How does the EVM work? - Learn more on the Bitstamp Learn Center",null,{},{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},"bitstampImageUrl/1920x1080px_illustrations_learningcenter_22svg_9263352c7a_f6a6af62db.svg","image/svg+xml",".svg",192,108,"1920x1080px_illustrations_learningcenter_22svg_9263352c7a.svg","",[],[20,23,26],{"pathname":21,"locale":22},"/en-gb/learn/blockchain/what-is-the-ethereum-virtual-machine-evm/","en-GB",{"pathname":24,"locale":25},"/es/learn/blockchain/what-is-the-ethereum-virtual-machine-evm/","es",{"pathname":27,"locale":28},"/learn/blockchain/what-is-the-ethereum-virtual-machine-evm/","en",[30,34],{"id":31,"text":32,"url":31,"asUrl":33},"/learn/blockchain/","Blockchain technology",true,{"id":35,"text":5,"url":27,"asUrl":36},"what-is-the-ethereum-virtual-machine-evm",false,"\u003Cp>The Ethereum blockchain could be described as a \u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/what-is-a-blockchain/\">blockchain\u003C/a> with a built-in programming language. Alternatively, it could be defined as a consensus-based globally executed virtual machine. The part of the Ethereum protocol in charge of all the computing is known as the \u003Cstrong>Ethereum Virtual Machine\u003C/strong> (\u003Cstrong>EVM\u003C/strong>).\u003C/p>\n",{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},[40],{"component":41,"props":42,"content":43,"secondaryContent":47,"ctas":48,"secondaryCtas":49,"ctasNoMarginTop":36},"section.full-text",{"centered":36,"withoutSectionContainer":36},{"text":44,"width":45,"align":46},"\u003Cp>The EVM is key in \u003Ca href=\"/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-ethereum-eth/\">Ethereum\u003C/a> being able to run smart contracts. Smart contracts enable Ethereum to harness the power of decentralized applications (\u003Cstrong>dapps)\u003C/strong>. Additionally, \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-are-smart-contracts/\">smart contracts\u003C/a>\u003C/strong> enable companies to hold so-called \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-is-an-initial-coin-offering-ico/\">ICOs\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>, or \u003Cstrong>initial coin offerings\u003C/strong>, on the Ethereum blockchain in order to launch their own \u003Cstrong>tokens\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Ethereum virtual machine essentials\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is a runtime environment for smart contracts that is also used for developing and testing smart contracts.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The EVM is quasi-Turing complete, meaning it can perform any calculation as long as the user initiating the calculation has enough ether to pay the fee required for that calculation.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The EVM is a sandboxed and isolated environment, meaning that the code it runs has no access to the network, filesystem, or other processes.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Additionally, the EVM cannot access real-world data, e.g. the current date, time or weather. To acquire such data, it relies on so-called oracles.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The EVM is run by all full nodes of the Ethereum network.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch2>Environment for developing smart contracts\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The EVM is sandboxed and isolated from the real world. What this means is that the code running in the EVM has no access to a network, file-system, or any other processes. This makes the EVM perfect for developing and testing smart contracts without interfering with the operations of the blockchain.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>You might be asking yourself why it is a good idea to test smart contracts in a sandboxed environment. The thing is that flawed code can be detrimental to any smart contract, so making sure that there are no flaws in the smart contract code is a must. What is more, a sandboxed environment such as the EVM provides infinite opportunities to learn, iterate, improve and eventually complete robust smart contracts that are ready for deployment to the blockchain.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Limitations of the EVM\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The Ethereum Virtual Machine is described as \u003Cstrong>Turing complete\u003C/strong>. Turing completeness refers to a computer’s capacity to perform any calculation it is presented with. This means that, in Ethereum, it is possible to write programs or decentralized apps that are capable of solving any reasonable computation.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>But there is a limitation to the EVM, and it is there as a kind of safety precaution. Smart contracts can call other contracts, potentially allowing for infinite looping. The EVM accordingly demands a \u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/what-is-ethereum-gas/\">gas fee\u003C/a> to be paid for each on-network transaction. This means that infinite computational loops are prevented by exhausting initiating transactors of their ether. On account of this safety measure, the EVM cannot be entirely Turing-complete. Rather, it is said to be \u003Cem>\u003Cstrong>quasi\u003C/strong>\u003C/em>\u003Cstrong>-Turing complete\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Another thing worth mentioning is that the EVM cannot access even the most basic of real-world data. For example, the EVM cannot know on its own what day it is or tell the current temperature. To acquire such data, which is often required for the proper execution of smart contracts, the EVM relies on real-world data providers known as \u003Cstrong>oracles\u003C/strong>. An oracle can gather data from a website, an app or elsewhere, and feed it to the smart contract.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>What does the EVM do?\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Whenever a transaction is initiated on the Ethereum blockchain – and it does not matter whether it is a simple transfer of value or a smart contract deployment – the EVM must perform the following three checks:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>It confirms whether a transaction has the correct number of values, whether the signature is valid, and whether the transaction nonce matches the nonce of that particular transaction account. In case of a mismatch, the transaction prompts an error.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>It calculates the fee required for the transaction and initializes the gas payment.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>It executes the transfer of the ether or tokens to the assigned address.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Should the EVM detect that the sender did not allocate enough gas to the initiated transaction, the transaction will not be successful. In this case, the transaction fee is not refunded to the initiator of the transaction. Instead, it is paid to the miner. However, if a transaction is unsuccessful due to an error on the recipient’s address, the EVM will return the amount sent as well as the associated fee back to the sender.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>EVM is where the magic of Ethereum happens, bringing added value to blockchain technology and the world of cryptocurrencies. On account of features such as the EVM, the Ethereum platform has enjoyed great popularity, with ether, its native crypto, remaining one of the largest cryptocurrencies by market cap.\u003C/p>\n","full","left",{"text":17},[],[],"August 31st, 2022",{},{"title":32,"url":31,"geofencings":53},{},{"previous":55,"next":56},"/learn/blockchain/what-is-the-ethereum-cancun-deneb-upgrade/","/learn/blockchain/what-is-the-lightning-network/",{"ready":33,"sections":58,"disclaimer":253,"copyright":254},[59,102,130,153,190,209],{"title":60,"content":17,"items":61},"About",[62,67,72,77,82,87,92,97],{"noFollow":33,"isExternal":36,"name":63,"value":64,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":36,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":65,"geofencings":66},"Who We 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Kingdom",{},{},{"title":210,"content":17,"items":211},"Contact",[212,217,221,225,229,233,238,243,248],{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":213,"value":214,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":36,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":215,"geofencings":216},"Customer 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20 3868 9628","+442038689628",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":239,"value":240,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":241,"geofencings":242},"+1 800 712 5702","+18007125702",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":244,"value":245,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":246,"geofencings":247},"+352 20 88 10 96","+35220881096",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":249,"value":250,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":251,"geofencings":252},"+65 3105 1676","+6531051676",{},{},"\u003Cp>Please read the general \u003Ca href=\"/legal/risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Warning\u003C/a>, and \u003Ca href=\"/legal/uk-investment-risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Summary\u003C/a> for UK residents before investing in crypto-assets. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Crypto-assets services are provided by the following Bitstamp legal entities depending on client residency: (1) Bitstamp Europe S.A., which is authorized by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) in Luxembourg as a payment institution (licence number Z00000012) and crypto-asset service provider (licence number N00000003); Registered address: 40, avenue Monterey, L-2163 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; Registration number: B196856; (2) Bitstamp UK Ltd., which is registered with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK for the provision of certain cryptoassets activities under the Money Laundering Regulations (Firm Reference Number 978690); Registered address: 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom; Registration number: 14174243; (3) Bitstamp Ltd.with its registered address at 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom and registration number: 8157033; (4) Bitstamp Global Ltd., which is registered as a Virtual Asset Service Provider in the British Virgin Islands and is supervised by the British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission (FSC); Registered address: Floor 4, Banco Popular Building, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, British Virgin Islands; Registered number: 2086429; and (5) Bitstamp Asia Pte Ltd, which is authorized by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) as a major payment institution (licence number PS20200667); Registered address: 63 Chulia Street, OCBC Centre East, #15-01, Singapore 049514; Registered number: 202016687K;\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Virtual currency services to US residents are provided by Bitstamp USA, Inc., which is licensed to engage in virtual currency business activity by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Licensed as a Money Transmitter by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Review a \u003Ca href=\"/legal/usa-inc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">list of its licenses and other registrations\u003C/a> (NMLS number \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">1905429\u003C/a>) for more information; Registered address: 85 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America; Registered number: 5481543.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Investment services with regards to trading in crypto derivatives are provided by Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd., which is authorized and supervised by the Slovenian Securities Market Agency (ATVP) as a MiFiD investment firm. Trading crypto derivatives carries significant risks and may result in substantial losses. Please trade responsibly and ensure you understand the associated risks. You can find more about the risks \u003Ca href=\"/legal/financial-services/general-terms-and-conditions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>. To help you understand the risks involved we have put together a series of \u003Ca href=\"/derivatives/key-information-documents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Key Information Documents (KIDs)\u003C/a> highlighting the risks and rewards related to each derivatives contract. Crypto derivatives trading is not available to customers in the US, Canada, Japan and some other countries. Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd. does not provide crypto-asset services.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To find out more about which Bitstamp entity you receive services from, please check the Profile/My information in your Bitstamp account. You can read more about our legal terms, policies and disclosures \u003Ca href=\"/legal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n","\u003Cp>All rights reserved © 2026 Bitstamp by Robinhood. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">NMLS #1905429\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\n",{"description":7,"ogDescription":7,"ogImage":256,"twitterImage":256,"twitterSite":257,"twitterCreator":257,"twitterCard":258,"twitterTitle":6,"twitterDescription":7,"titleTemplate":259},"https://assets.bitstamp.net/msc/_ipx/enlarge_true&f_png&fit_cover&q_85&s_1200x630/bitstampImageUrl/1920x1080px_illustrations_learningcenter_22svg_9263352c7a_f6a6af62db.png","@Bitstamp","summary_large_image","%s",{"items":261,"ready":33,"platformButtonText":303,"backButtonText":304,"logInButtonText":305,"signUpButtonText":306},[262,266,269,272,275,278,281,286,289,294,299],{"headerName":263,"sidemenuName":134,"url":135,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":264,"submenu":265,"tag":17},"Institutions",{},[],{"headerName":126,"sidemenuName":126,"url":127,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":267,"submenu":268,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":149,"sidemenuName":149,"url":150,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":270,"submenu":271,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":106,"sidemenuName":106,"url":107,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":273,"submenu":274,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":116,"sidemenuName":116,"url":117,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":276,"submenu":277,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":121,"sidemenuName":121,"url":122,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":279,"submenu":280,"tag":17},{"geofencing-uk":33},[],{"headerName":282,"sidemenuName":282,"url":283,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":284,"submenu":285,"tag":17},"Markets","/markets/",{},[],{"headerName":111,"sidemenuName":111,"url":112,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":287,"submenu":288,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":290,"sidemenuName":290,"url":291,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":292,"submenu":293,"tag":17},"Blog","https://blog.bitstamp.net/",{},[],{"headerName":295,"sidemenuName":295,"url":296,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":297,"submenu":298,"tag":17},"Learn","/learn/",{},[],{"headerName":300,"sidemenuName":300,"url":107,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":36,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":301,"submenu":302,"tag":17},"Get Bitstamp by Robinhood app",{},[],"Go to platform","Back","Log in","Get started",[308,310,314,318,322,326,330,334,338,342],{"title":32,"url":31,"geofencings":309},{},{"title":311,"url":312,"geofencings":313},"Company profiles","/learn/company-profiles/",{},{"title":315,"url":316,"geofencings":317},"Crypto 101","/learn/crypto-101/",{},{"title":319,"url":320,"geofencings":321},"Crypto definitions","/learn/crypto-definitions/",{},{"title":323,"url":324,"geofencings":325},"Crypto trading","/learn/crypto-trading/",{},{"title":327,"url":328,"geofencings":329},"Cryptocurrency guide","/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/",{"geofencing-uk":33},{"title":331,"url":332,"geofencings":333},"People profiles","/learn/people-profiles/",{},{"title":335,"url":336,"geofencings":337},"Security","/learn/security/",{},{"title":339,"url":340,"geofencings":341},"Tutorials","/learn/bitstamp-tutorials/",{},{"title":343,"url":344,"geofencings":345},"Web3","/learn/web3/",{},1772794091904]