[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":351},["ShallowReactive",2],{"api/learn-center-post-en-what-is-the-byzantine-generals-problem":3,"footer-en":61,"learn/crypto-101/what-is-the-byzantine-generals-problem-en-seo":259,"navigation-en-learn-center":264,"api/learn-categories-en":312},{"seo":4,"locale":28,"breadcrumbs":29,"excerpt":37,"featuredImage":38,"components":43,"title":5,"formattedPublishedAt":54,"geofencings":55,"category":56,"pagination":58,"campaignExternalId":8},{"title":5,"metaTitle":6,"metaDescription":7,"keywords":8,"metaRobots":8,"structuredData":9,"metaImage":10,"metaSocial":18,"canonicalURL":8,"localizations":19},"What is the Byzantine Generals’ Problem?","What is the Byzantine Generals' Problem? - Bitstamp Learn Center","What is the Byzantine Generals’ Problem? How can it explain the difficulty of reaching consensus in various systems? Learn more on the Bitstamp Learn Center",null,{},{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},"bitstampImageUrl/Byzantine_generals_problem_1png_7f11ea5636_a200f2a65a.png","image/png",".png",1200,628,"Byzantine_generals_problem_1png_7f11ea5636.png","",[],[20,23,26],{"pathname":21,"locale":22},"/en-gb/learn/crypto-101/what-is-the-byzantine-generals-problem/","en-GB",{"pathname":24,"locale":25},"/es/learn/crypto-101/what-is-the-byzantine-generals-problem/","es",{"pathname":27,"locale":28},"/learn/crypto-101/what-is-the-byzantine-generals-problem/","en",[30,34],{"id":31,"text":32,"url":31,"asUrl":33},"/learn/crypto-101/","Crypto 101",true,{"id":35,"text":5,"url":27,"asUrl":36},"what-is-the-byzantine-generals-problem",false,"\u003Cp>The Byzantine Generals' Problem is an analogy used to describe the difficulties of reaching consensus in distributed systems. These systems are computing environments where components are spread across many computers (also known as nodes) connected via a specific network.\u003C/p>\n",{"url":39,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":40,"height":41,"name":42,"alt":17},"bitstampImageUrl/Byzantine_generals_problempng_9445fc5b83_6286e0ba76.png",900,450,"Byzantine_generals_problempng_9445fc5b83.png",[44],{"component":45,"props":46,"content":47,"secondaryContent":51,"ctas":52,"secondaryCtas":53,"ctasNoMarginTop":36},"section.full-text",{"centered":36,"withoutSectionContainer":36},{"text":48,"width":49,"align":50},"\u003Cp>The Byzantine Generals' Problem is a popular \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/fundamentals-of-game-theory/\">game theory\u003C/a> query, one which studies rational behavior in decision-making. It draws on a hypothetical historical scenario to illustrate a common problem: in a decentralized network where no participant can verify the identity or reputation of others, how can participants know who is telling the truth?\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>The Byzantine Generals' Problem\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In the Byzantine Generals' Problem, the scenario involves multiple regiments of the Byzantine army stationed at various areas outside an enemy city.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The generals in charge of each regiment must coordinate together to launch an attack that can overcome enemy defenses. Each general can use a messenger to communicate with the others, but there is no way of knowing whether the message has been intercepted and tampered with by the enemy. The only way to launch a successful attack is to find a way to ensure that a sufficient number of generals are honest and will lead their regiments into the attack.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>One potential solution for the problem is for the commander to send a command to attack or retreat to all the generals. Upon receipt, each general must decide whether to attack or retreat and send their vote back to the commander and to all other generals. Each general collects votes from the other generals, and if any are not consistent, they ignore the votes from the dissenting generals. The generals use the majority to choose whether to attack or retreat, send the decision back to the commander, and it is executed.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>History of the Byzantine Generals' Problem in distributed technology\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>The problem of coordinating consensus among participants in distributed systems was first identified by computer scientists in the late 1970s.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In 1982, Leslie Lamport, Robert Shostak, and Marshall Pease published a paper called “The Byzantine Generals' Problem,” which states that “a reliable computer system must be able to cope with the failure of one or more of its components. A failed component may exhibit a type of behavior that is often overlooked--namely, sending conflicting information to different parts of the system.”\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In this definition, a system may still be deemed reliable even if one or more components have failed. It leads to the concept of “Byzantine Fault Tolerance” in a distributed system, which provides a measure of the ability for a system (or generals) to resist a certain amount of failure and still collaborate to make a system work.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In the late 1990s, two researchers, Barbara Liskov and Miguel Castro, developed a consensus algorithm for distributed networks called Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (pBFT). However, a major flaw was found when the time taken to reach consensus increased exponentially with the number of nodes on the network. Nevertheless, it was significant enough that variations of pBFT are still used today in contemporary blockchain systems such as Zilliqa and Cosmos.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>A breakthrough in addressing the Byzantine Generals' Problem occurred in 2008 when \u003Ca href=\"/learn/people-profiles/satoshi-nakamoto/\">Satoshi Nakamoto\u003C/a> published the Bitcoin whitepaper, which introduced the \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-is-proof-of-work-pow/\">proof of work\u003C/a> (PoW) algorithm.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>How Bitcoin addresses the Byzantine Generals' Problem\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-bitcoin-btc/\">Bitcoin\u003C/a> relies on a decentralized network of \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-is-crypto-mining/\">miners\u003C/a> that collaborate to maintain a pristine ledger of BTC transactions. Each miner must be able to trust that transactions added to the ledger are true. Relating Bitcoin to the Byzantine Generals’ Problem, the miners are the generals, and the ledger and transactions are the messages.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Under the PoW algorithm, all Bitcoin miners must agree that a transaction is valid before it is added to the blockchain. Miners validate transactions using the historical information on the ledger to check that the necessary account balances are available. If they encounter a transaction that appears contradictory to the existing data, they have the power to reject it.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>However, once a transaction has been validated, it is recorded on the ledger permanently, meaning that anyone can trust the history of transaction data. Since every miner on the network has a copy of the same data, it can always be verified as true.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>One of the most significant developments Satoshi made in addressing the Byzantine Generals' Problem was in the use of game theory to incentivize miners to act in a way that’s beneficial to the entire network.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Miners invest significant amounts of energy to participate in mining, and they receive \u003Ca href=\"/markets/btc/usd/\">BTC\u003C/a> as reward for their efforts. If the ledger was corrupted with false transactions, trust in BTC would fall, and so would the value. These incentives have proven compelling enough that the Bitcoin network has never been successfully attacked since the genesis block in 2009.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Proof of work effectively addresses the Byzantine Generals' Problem to the extent that there has never been a \u003Ca href=\"/learn/security/what-is-a-51-percent-attack/\">51% attack\u003C/a> against Bitcoin. However, this doesn’t mean it’s impossible to launch an attack on Bitcoin – only that to do so would be financially prohibitive.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Byzantine Generals' Problem essentials\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>The Byzantine Generals' Problem is a game theory problem used to describe the challenges of reaching consensus in distributed networks.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Theoretical generals are trying to attack a city but need a way to communicate securely to coordinate a successful attack.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Bitcoin’s proof of work has proven to be a very effective way to address the Byzantine Generals' Problem, using game theory to incentivize miners to maintain a clean ledger of BTC transactions.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n","full","left",{"text":17},[],[],"May 3rd, 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20 3868 9628","+442038689628",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":243,"value":244,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":245,"geofencings":246},"+1 800 712 5702","+18007125702",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":248,"value":249,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":250,"geofencings":251},"+352 20 88 10 96","+35220881096",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":253,"value":254,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":255,"geofencings":256},"+65 3105 1676","+6531051676",{},{},"\u003Cp>Please read the general \u003Ca href=\"/legal/risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Warning\u003C/a>, and \u003Ca href=\"/legal/uk-investment-risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Summary\u003C/a> for UK residents before investing in crypto-assets. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Crypto-assets services are provided by the following Bitstamp legal entities depending on client residency: (1) Bitstamp Europe S.A., which is authorized by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) in Luxembourg as a payment institution (licence number Z00000012) and crypto-asset service provider (licence number N00000003); Registered address: 40, avenue Monterey, L-2163 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; Registration number: B196856; (2) Bitstamp UK Ltd., which is registered with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK for the provision of certain cryptoassets activities under the Money Laundering Regulations (Firm Reference Number 978690); Registered address: 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom; Registration number: 14174243; (3) Bitstamp Ltd.with its registered address at 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom and registration number: 8157033; (4) Bitstamp Global Ltd., which is registered as a Virtual Asset Service Provider in the British Virgin Islands and is supervised by the British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission (FSC); Registered address: Floor 4, Banco Popular Building, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, British Virgin Islands; Registered number: 2086429; and (5) Bitstamp Asia Pte Ltd, which is authorized by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) as a major payment institution (licence number PS20200667); Registered address: 63 Chulia Street, OCBC Centre East, #15-01, Singapore 049514; Registered number: 202016687K;\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Virtual currency services to US residents are provided by Bitstamp USA, Inc., which is licensed to engage in virtual currency business activity by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Licensed as a Money Transmitter by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Review a \u003Ca href=\"/legal/usa-inc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">list of its licenses and other registrations\u003C/a> (NMLS number \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">1905429\u003C/a>) for more information; Registered address: 85 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America; Registered number: 5481543.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Investment services with regards to trading in crypto derivatives are provided by Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd., which is authorized and supervised by the Slovenian Securities Market Agency (ATVP) as a MiFiD investment firm. Trading crypto derivatives carries significant risks and may result in substantial losses. Please trade responsibly and ensure you understand the associated risks. You can find more about the risks \u003Ca href=\"/legal/financial-services/general-terms-and-conditions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>. To help you understand the risks involved we have put together a series of \u003Ca href=\"/derivatives/key-information-documents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Key Information Documents (KIDs)\u003C/a> highlighting the risks and rewards related to each derivatives contract. Crypto derivatives trading is not available to customers in the US, Canada, Japan and some other countries. Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd. does not provide crypto-asset services.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To find out more about which Bitstamp entity you receive services from, please check the Profile/My information in your Bitstamp account. You can read more about our legal terms, policies and disclosures \u003Ca href=\"/legal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n","\u003Cp>All rights reserved © 2026 Bitstamp by Robinhood. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">NMLS #1905429\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\n",{"description":7,"ogDescription":7,"ogImage":260,"twitterImage":260,"twitterSite":261,"twitterCreator":261,"twitterCard":262,"twitterTitle":6,"twitterDescription":7,"titleTemplate":263},"https://assets.bitstamp.net/msc/_ipx/enlarge_true&f_png&fit_cover&q_85&s_1200x630/bitstampImageUrl/Byzantine_generals_problem_1png_7f11ea5636_a200f2a65a.png","@Bitstamp","summary_large_image","%s",{"items":265,"ready":33,"platformButtonText":308,"backButtonText":309,"logInButtonText":310,"signUpButtonText":311},[266,270,274,277,280,283,286,291,294,299,304],{"headerName":267,"sidemenuName":138,"url":139,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":268,"submenu":269,"tag":17},"Institutions",{},[],{"headerName":130,"sidemenuName":130,"url":131,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":271,"submenu":272,"tag":273},{},[],"NEW",{"headerName":153,"sidemenuName":153,"url":154,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":275,"submenu":276,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":110,"sidemenuName":110,"url":111,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":278,"submenu":279,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":120,"sidemenuName":120,"url":121,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":281,"submenu":282,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":125,"sidemenuName":125,"url":126,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":284,"submenu":285,"tag":17},{"geofencing-uk":33},[],{"headerName":287,"sidemenuName":287,"url":288,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":289,"submenu":290,"tag":17},"Markets","/markets/",{},[],{"headerName":115,"sidemenuName":115,"url":116,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":292,"submenu":293,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":295,"sidemenuName":295,"url":296,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":297,"submenu":298,"tag":17},"Blog","https://blog.bitstamp.net/",{},[],{"headerName":300,"sidemenuName":300,"url":301,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":302,"submenu":303,"tag":17},"Learn","/learn/",{},[],{"headerName":305,"sidemenuName":305,"url":111,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":36,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":306,"submenu":307,"tag":17},"Get Bitstamp by Robinhood app",{},[],"Go to platform","Back","Log in","Get started",[313,317,321,323,327,331,335,339,343,347],{"title":314,"url":315,"geofencings":316},"Blockchain technology","/learn/blockchain/",{},{"title":318,"url":319,"geofencings":320},"Company profiles","/learn/company-profiles/",{},{"title":32,"url":31,"geofencings":322},{},{"title":324,"url":325,"geofencings":326},"Crypto definitions","/learn/crypto-definitions/",{},{"title":328,"url":329,"geofencings":330},"Crypto trading","/learn/crypto-trading/",{},{"title":332,"url":333,"geofencings":334},"Cryptocurrency guide","/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/",{"geofencing-uk":33},{"title":336,"url":337,"geofencings":338},"People profiles","/learn/people-profiles/",{},{"title":340,"url":341,"geofencings":342},"Security","/learn/security/",{},{"title":344,"url":345,"geofencings":346},"Tutorials","/learn/bitstamp-tutorials/",{},{"title":348,"url":349,"geofencings":350},"Web3","/learn/web3/",{},1776263747102]