[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":347},["ShallowReactive",2],{"api/learn-center-post-en-how-is-decentralized-consensus-achieved":3,"footer-en":57,"learn/security/how-is-decentralized-consensus-achieved-en-seo":255,"navigation-en-learn-center":260,"api/learn-categories-en":308},{"seo":4,"locale":28,"breadcrumbs":29,"excerpt":37,"featuredImage":38,"components":39,"title":5,"formattedPublishedAt":50,"geofencings":51,"category":52,"pagination":54,"campaignExternalId":8},{"title":5,"metaTitle":6,"metaDescription":7,"keywords":8,"metaRobots":8,"structuredData":9,"metaImage":10,"metaSocial":18,"canonicalURL":8,"localizations":19},"How is decentralized consensus achieved?","How is decentralized consensus achieved? - Bitstamp Learn Center","Decentralized networks like Bitcoin have no central authority to validate crypto transactions. How does it work? - Learn more on the Bitstamp Learn Center",null,{},{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},"bitstampImageUrl/1920x1080px_illustrations_learningcenter_99svg_f592e3b367_66105d8905.svg","image/svg+xml",".svg",192,108,"1920x1080px_illustrations_learningcenter_99svg_f592e3b367.svg","",[],[20,23,26],{"pathname":21,"locale":22},"/en-gb/learn/security/how-is-decentralized-consensus-achieved/","en-GB",{"pathname":24,"locale":25},"/es/learn/security/how-is-decentralized-consensus-achieved/","es",{"pathname":27,"locale":28},"/learn/security/how-is-decentralized-consensus-achieved/","en",[30,34],{"id":31,"text":32,"url":31,"asUrl":33},"/learn/security/","Security",true,{"id":35,"text":5,"url":27,"asUrl":36},"how-is-decentralized-consensus-achieved",false,"\u003Cp>Decentralized networks like \u003Ca href=\"/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-bitcoin-btc/\">Bitcoin\u003C/a>, \u003Ca href=\"/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-litecoin-ltc/\">Litecoin\u003C/a>, \u003Ca href=\"/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-ethereum-eth/\">Ethereum\u003C/a> or \u003Ca href=\"/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-bitcoin-cash-bch/\">Bitcoin Cash\u003C/a> have no central authority that would validate their crypto transactions or safeguard their records.\u003C/p>\n",{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},[40],{"component":41,"props":42,"content":43,"secondaryContent":47,"ctas":48,"secondaryCtas":49,"ctasNoMarginTop":36},"section.full-text",{"centered":36,"withoutSectionContainer":36},{"text":44,"width":45,"align":46},"\u003Cp>Such peer-to-peer networks consist of thousands of computers or \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-are-bitcoin-blockchain-nodes/\">nodes\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>, which are distributed all around the world. But how do nodes, which work as independent units and do not trust any higher authority, manage to agree on the right state of the blockchain? It’s all thanks to the implementation of a \u003Cstrong>consensus mechanism\u003C/strong>, which allows nodes to reach agreement on the validity of transactions.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Decentralized consensus\u003C/strong> emerges from four specific processes, as will be explained here. Nodes go through these processes independently, but must follow the same set of \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/learn/security/what-are-blockchain-consensus-rules/\">blockchain consensus rules\u003C/a>\u003C/strong> to stay compatible.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Decentralized consensus essentials\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>All peers agree on a single universal truth independently, without having to consult or trust a central authority.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Consensus among nodes emerges from the following processes:\u003Cbr>- transaction validation,\u003Cbr>- block creation,\u003Cbr>- block validation,\u003Cbr>- validation of the chain with the most proof of work.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Operation processes can change if the community running nodes agrees on an update.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch2>Validation processes\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>In a decentralized network, peers do not reach an agreement at a fixed moment. Rather, consensus emerges as nodes go through the following processes, independently from one another:\u003C/p>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>Full nodes independently check each transaction against pre-specified criteria.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Mining nodes then collect verified transactions and add them to a new block alongside the solution to the computational puzzle required for \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-is-proof-of-work-pow/\">proof of work\u003C/a>.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Every node verifies the new blocks and connects them to the chain.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>It is then up to full nodes to determine which of the chains exhibits the most cumulative computation demonstrated by proof of work, making that branch of the chain the main chain.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ol>\n\u003Cp>Only by following the same consensus rules and enforcing the proof-of-work mechanism can nodes agree on a single valid blockchain. This is true for Bitcoin-like blockchains, while some strive to implement a \u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/what-are-alternative-consensus-algorithms/\">different validation process\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Community consensus\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Decentralized blockchains are based on open-source software, which means that anyone can propose an update to the network protocol or validation rules.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The people who run nodes on their computers are the ones who need to agree on every change that would affect the compatibility between nodes.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In the Bitcoin community, updates are proposed in the form of a design document, called the \u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/what-is-a-bitcoin-improvement-proposal-bip/\">\u003Cstrong>Bitcoin Improvement Proposal\u003C/strong> (\u003Cstrong>BIP\u003C/strong>)\u003C/a>. BIP authors, sometimes called “champions,” often discuss their ideas on forums before forwarding them to the \u003Ca href=\"https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bitcoin-dev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Bitcoin development mailing list\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>For example, \u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/what-is-segregated-witness-segwit/\">SegWit\u003C/a> was proposed in BIPs 141 and 148. The change was not backed by the entire community, which led to the \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-are-blockchain-forks/\">forking\u003C/a> of the blockchain. Deploying SegWit resulted in a user-activated soft fork on the Bitcoin blockchain, while its opposition opted for a hard fork, thus creating Bitcoin Cash.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Achieving consensus on a decentralized network has been a difficult challenge, but cryptocurrencies have managed to overcome it with their underlying technology – blockchain. 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Kingdom",{},{},{"title":210,"content":17,"items":211},"Contact",[212,217,221,225,229,233,238,243,248],{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":213,"value":214,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":36,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":215,"geofencings":216},"Customer 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20 3868 9628","+442038689628",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":239,"value":240,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":241,"geofencings":242},"+1 800 712 5702","+18007125702",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":244,"value":245,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":246,"geofencings":247},"+352 20 88 10 96","+35220881096",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":249,"value":250,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":251,"geofencings":252},"+65 3105 1676","+6531051676",{},{},"\u003Cp>Please read the general \u003Ca href=\"/legal/risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Warning\u003C/a>, and \u003Ca href=\"/legal/uk-investment-risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Summary\u003C/a> for UK residents before investing in crypto-assets. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Crypto-assets services are provided by the following Bitstamp legal entities depending on client residency: (1) Bitstamp Europe S.A., which is authorized by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) in Luxembourg as a payment institution (licence number Z00000012) and crypto-asset service provider (licence number N00000003); Registered address: 40, avenue Monterey, L-2163 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; Registration number: B196856; (2) Bitstamp UK Ltd., which is registered with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK for the provision of certain cryptoassets activities under the Money Laundering Regulations (Firm Reference Number 978690); Registered address: 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom; Registration number: 14174243; (3) Bitstamp Ltd.with its registered address at 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom and registration number: 8157033; (4) Bitstamp Global Ltd., which is registered as a Virtual Asset Service Provider in the British Virgin Islands and is supervised by the British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission (FSC); Registered address: Floor 4, Banco Popular Building, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, British Virgin Islands; Registered number: 2086429; and (5) Bitstamp Asia Pte Ltd, which is authorized by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) as a major payment institution (licence number PS20200667); Registered address: 63 Chulia Street, OCBC Centre East, #15-01, Singapore 049514; Registered number: 202016687K;\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Virtual currency services to US residents are provided by Bitstamp USA, Inc., which is licensed to engage in virtual currency business activity by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Licensed as a Money Transmitter by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Review a \u003Ca href=\"/legal/usa-inc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">list of its licenses and other registrations\u003C/a> (NMLS number \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">1905429\u003C/a>) for more information; Registered address: 85 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America; Registered number: 5481543.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Investment services with regards to trading in crypto derivatives are provided by Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd., which is authorized and supervised by the Slovenian Securities Market Agency (ATVP) as a MiFiD investment firm. Trading crypto derivatives carries significant risks and may result in substantial losses. Please trade responsibly and ensure you understand the associated risks. You can find more about the risks \u003Ca href=\"/legal/financial-services/general-terms-and-conditions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>. To help you understand the risks involved we have put together a series of \u003Ca href=\"/derivatives/key-information-documents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Key Information Documents (KIDs)\u003C/a> highlighting the risks and rewards related to each derivatives contract. Crypto derivatives trading is not available to customers in the US, Canada, Japan and some other countries. Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd. does not provide crypto-asset services.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To find out more about which Bitstamp entity you receive services from, please check the Profile/My information in your Bitstamp account. You can read more about our legal terms, policies and disclosures \u003Ca href=\"/legal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n","\u003Cp>All rights reserved © 2026 Bitstamp by Robinhood. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">NMLS #1905429\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\n",{"description":7,"ogDescription":7,"ogImage":256,"twitterImage":256,"twitterSite":257,"twitterCreator":257,"twitterCard":258,"twitterTitle":6,"twitterDescription":7,"titleTemplate":259},"https://assets.bitstamp.net/msc/_ipx/enlarge_true&f_png&fit_cover&q_85&s_1200x630/bitstampImageUrl/1920x1080px_illustrations_learningcenter_99svg_f592e3b367_66105d8905.png","@Bitstamp","summary_large_image","%s",{"items":261,"ready":33,"platformButtonText":304,"backButtonText":305,"logInButtonText":306,"signUpButtonText":307},[262,266,270,273,276,279,282,287,290,295,300],{"headerName":263,"sidemenuName":134,"url":135,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":264,"submenu":265,"tag":17},"Institutions",{},[],{"headerName":126,"sidemenuName":126,"url":127,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":267,"submenu":268,"tag":269},{},[],"NEW",{"headerName":149,"sidemenuName":149,"url":150,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":271,"submenu":272,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":106,"sidemenuName":106,"url":107,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":274,"submenu":275,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":116,"sidemenuName":116,"url":117,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":277,"submenu":278,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":121,"sidemenuName":121,"url":122,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":280,"submenu":281,"tag":17},{"geofencing-uk":33},[],{"headerName":283,"sidemenuName":283,"url":284,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":285,"submenu":286,"tag":17},"Markets","/markets/",{},[],{"headerName":111,"sidemenuName":111,"url":112,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":288,"submenu":289,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":291,"sidemenuName":291,"url":292,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":293,"submenu":294,"tag":17},"Blog","https://blog.bitstamp.net/",{},[],{"headerName":296,"sidemenuName":296,"url":297,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":298,"submenu":299,"tag":17},"Learn","/learn/",{},[],{"headerName":301,"sidemenuName":301,"url":107,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":36,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":302,"submenu":303,"tag":17},"Get Bitstamp by Robinhood app",{},[],"Go to platform","Back","Log in","Get started",[309,313,317,321,325,329,333,337,339,343],{"title":310,"url":311,"geofencings":312},"Blockchain technology","/learn/blockchain/",{},{"title":314,"url":315,"geofencings":316},"Company profiles","/learn/company-profiles/",{},{"title":318,"url":319,"geofencings":320},"Crypto 101","/learn/crypto-101/",{},{"title":322,"url":323,"geofencings":324},"Crypto definitions","/learn/crypto-definitions/",{},{"title":326,"url":327,"geofencings":328},"Crypto trading","/learn/crypto-trading/",{},{"title":330,"url":331,"geofencings":332},"Cryptocurrency guide","/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/",{"geofencing-uk":33},{"title":334,"url":335,"geofencings":336},"People profiles","/learn/people-profiles/",{},{"title":32,"url":31,"geofencings":338},{},{"title":340,"url":341,"geofencings":342},"Tutorials","/learn/bitstamp-tutorials/",{},{"title":344,"url":345,"geofencings":346},"Web3","/learn/web3/",{},1776263762191]