[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":347},["ShallowReactive",2],{"api/learn-center-post-en-what-are-blockchain-consensus-rules":3,"footer-en":57,"learn/security/what-are-blockchain-consensus-rules-en-seo":255,"navigation-en-learn-center":260,"api/learn-categories-en":308},{"seo":4,"locale":28,"breadcrumbs":29,"excerpt":37,"featuredImage":38,"components":39,"title":5,"formattedPublishedAt":50,"geofencings":51,"category":52,"pagination":54,"campaignExternalId":8},{"title":5,"metaTitle":6,"metaDescription":7,"keywords":8,"metaRobots":8,"structuredData":9,"metaImage":10,"metaSocial":18,"canonicalURL":8,"localizations":19},"What are blockchain consensus rules?","What are blockchain consensus rules? - Bitstamp Learn Center","Consensus rules are crucial to the validation process on the blockchain. Who writes them? And can they be changed? - Learn more on the Bitstamp Learn Center",null,{},{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},"bitstampImageUrl/1920x1080px_illustrations_learningcenter_94svg_8f63224791_1b487da01d.svg","image/svg+xml",".svg",192,108,"1920x1080px_illustrations_learningcenter_94svg_8f63224791.svg","",[],[20,23,26],{"pathname":21,"locale":22},"/en-gb/learn/security/what-are-blockchain-consensus-rules/","en-GB",{"pathname":24,"locale":25},"/es/learn/security/what-are-blockchain-consensus-rules/","es",{"pathname":27,"locale":28},"/learn/security/what-are-blockchain-consensus-rules/","en",[30,34],{"id":31,"text":32,"url":31,"asUrl":33},"/learn/security/","Security",true,{"id":35,"text":5,"url":27,"asUrl":36},"what-are-blockchain-consensus-rules",false,"\u003Cp>One of the difficulties that \u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/centralized-and-decentralized-networks/\">distributed blockchain networks\u003C/a> face is reaching an agreement on which transactions are legitimate, which \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-are-blocks-in-the-blockchain/\">blocks\u003C/a> are valid and which chain is longest. To solve this problem, each \u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/what-is-a-blockchain/\">blockchain\u003C/a> implements a series of \u003Cstrong>consensus rules\u003C/strong> to which every user, or \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-are-bitcoin-blockchain-nodes/\">node\u003C/a>, must adhere.\u003C/p>\n",{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},[40],{"component":41,"props":42,"content":43,"secondaryContent":47,"ctas":48,"secondaryCtas":49,"ctasNoMarginTop":36},"section.full-text",{"centered":36,"withoutSectionContainer":36},{"text":44,"width":45,"align":46},"\u003Cp>Consensus rules are a specific set of rules that specify a variety of blockchain properties and procedures. These rules need to be followed when validating blocks and the transactions within them. As long as they are followed by the majority of nodes, agreement is retained and the whole operation continues (this is true for \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-is-proof-of-work-pow/\">proof of work\u003C/a> blockchains, while some \u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/what-are-alternative-consensus-algorithms/\">alternative consensus algorithms\u003C/a> use a less democratic approach).\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In order to reach consensus, the majority of nodes must individually accept a single data value and they must do so unanimously. The majority must be in consensus, even if some of the nodes aren’t observing the rules or are unreliable.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Blockchain consensus rules essentials\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Consensus rules achieve consistency and agreement between nodes.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>They determine the validity of every block and transaction, and define the basic properties of the blockchain.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The community usually decides upon what the consensus rules are (private blockchains are a different matter).\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The rules are enforced by the client and upheld by full nodes.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Actors that fail to adhere to the rules are banned from the network.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch2>Consensus rules basics\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Consensus rules are necessary to achieve synchronization and reach agreement between the thousands of \u003Cstrong>nodes\u003C/strong> on a blockchain network. Since each node effectively stores a copy of the blockchain, a mechanism is required that allows the nodes to select a reliable block for the continuation of the chain. This is where consensus rules come in.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Every block and transaction within it needs to be in accordance with consensus rules. Furthermore, these rules also determine the basic properties of the blockchain. This includes everything from \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-is-block-time/\">block time\u003C/a>, \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-is-block-size/\">block size\u003C/a>, max supply, means of proof (commonly proof of work), to transaction size, signature requirements, available transaction \u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/what-are-inputs-outputs-and-utxo/\">inputs and outputs\u003C/a> and more. They also determine the protocol by which the validators must check the blockchain.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>But who determines consensus rules in the first place? When it comes to \u003Ca href=\"/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-bitcoin-btc/\">Bitcoin\u003C/a>, they were originally written by \u003Ca href=\"/learn/people-profiles/satoshi-nakamoto/\">Satoshi Nakamoto\u003C/a>, but since he made the software open-source, the community now decides on the rules. Any rule change requires the majority of the community to agree upon it. Disagreements may lead to \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-are-blockchain-forks/\">forks\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The rules are not stored and enforced by the blockchain, but by the \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/what-is-a-reference-client/\">client software\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>. The rules a user wishes to follow are therefore dependent on which client they choose to run. The most popular Bitcoin client is Bitcoin Core, the continuation of Nakamoto’s original client.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Full nodes\u003C/strong>, which store the entire copy of the blockchain, are of greatest importance when it comes to upholding consensus rules. These nodes validate transactions and blocks according to the rules and reject any that don’t follow them. \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-is-crypto-mining/\">Whenever a new block is mined\u003C/a>, every full node validates it according to consensus rules. If everything is in order, it’s accepted as the continuation of the chain. If not, it’s rejected (\u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/what-are-orphan-uncle-and-stale-blocks/\">orphaned\u003C/a>) and another takes its place.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Additionally, \u003Cstrong>miners\u003C/strong> tend to select only valid transactions from the mempool to be put into new blocks. They can include invalid transactions (as an attempt to fork the blockchain, for instance), but at the risk of losing the \u003Cstrong>mining reward\u003C/strong> due to their block being rejected.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Trustlessness in consensus making\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"/learn/security/blockchain-trustlessness-security/\">Trustlessness\u003C/a> can be problematic for consensus making. If blockchain requires no trust between its users, what guarantee do we have that the nodes don’t just follow their selfish interests? Why doesn’t a node simply validate the transactions it likes and censor the rest?\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>This behavior is unacceptable because it would allow a perpetrator to re-spend coins that have already been spent, a process commonly known as \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"/learn/security/what-is-a-51-percent-attack/\">double spending\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The major reason this doesn’t happen (or rather happens rarely) is consensus rules. If full nodes start validating false transactions and passing around invalid blocks, they will be banned by other nodes (the banning process is usually automatized). Since blockchain operates on a trustless basis, each node must reach conclusions on the validity of transactions and blocks on its own. This way, when the results are compared, unreliable nodes are quickly weeded out.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>A means of achieving consensus is indispensable on a distributed blockchain network. Consensus rules are a solution that allows the network to function in the absence of any requirement for trust between its users. While these rules are essential, an average user doesn’t need to worry about them.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>If you operate with cryptocurrency through an exchange, it will make sure that your crypto transactions are in accordance with consensus rules, so you need not worry about it. That is why so many prefer to trade via a reliable exchange, like Bitstamp by Robinhood, the world’s longest-running cryptocurrency exchange.\u003C/p>\n","full","left",{"text":17},[],[],"August 10th, 2022",{},{"title":32,"url":31,"geofencings":53},{},{"previous":55,"next":56},"/learn/security/blockchain-trustlessness-security/","/learn/security/what-are-blockchain-policy-rules/",{"ready":33,"sections":58,"disclaimer":253,"copyright":254},[59,102,130,153,190,209],{"title":60,"content":17,"items":61},"About",[62,67,72,77,82,87,92,97],{"noFollow":33,"isExternal":36,"name":63,"value":64,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":36,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":65,"geofencings":66},"Who We 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Kingdom",{},{},{"title":210,"content":17,"items":211},"Contact",[212,217,221,225,229,233,238,243,248],{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":213,"value":214,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":36,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":215,"geofencings":216},"Customer 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20 3868 9628","+442038689628",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":239,"value":240,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":241,"geofencings":242},"+1 800 712 5702","+18007125702",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":244,"value":245,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":246,"geofencings":247},"+352 20 88 10 96","+35220881096",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":249,"value":250,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":251,"geofencings":252},"+65 3105 1676","+6531051676",{},{},"\u003Cp>Please read the general \u003Ca href=\"/legal/risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Warning\u003C/a>, and \u003Ca href=\"/legal/uk-investment-risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Summary\u003C/a> for UK residents before investing in crypto-assets. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Crypto-assets services are provided by the following Bitstamp legal entities depending on client residency: (1) Bitstamp Europe S.A., which is authorized by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) in Luxembourg as a payment institution (licence number Z00000012) and crypto-asset service provider (licence number N00000003); Registered address: 40, avenue Monterey, L-2163 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; Registration number: B196856; (2) Bitstamp UK Ltd., which is registered with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK for the provision of certain cryptoassets activities under the Money Laundering Regulations (Firm Reference Number 978690); Registered address: 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom; Registration number: 14174243; (3) Bitstamp Ltd.with its registered address at 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom and registration number: 8157033; (4) Bitstamp Global Ltd., which is registered as a Virtual Asset Service Provider in the British Virgin Islands and is supervised by the British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission (FSC); Registered address: Floor 4, Banco Popular Building, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, British Virgin Islands; Registered number: 2086429; and (5) Bitstamp Asia Pte Ltd, which is authorized by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) as a major payment institution (licence number PS20200667); Registered address: 63 Chulia Street, OCBC Centre East, #15-01, Singapore 049514; Registered number: 202016687K;\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Virtual currency services to US residents are provided by Bitstamp USA, Inc., which is licensed to engage in virtual currency business activity by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Licensed as a Money Transmitter by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Review a \u003Ca href=\"/legal/usa-inc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">list of its licenses and other registrations\u003C/a> (NMLS number \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">1905429\u003C/a>) for more information; Registered address: 85 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America; Registered number: 5481543.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Investment services with regards to trading in crypto derivatives are provided by Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd., which is authorized and supervised by the Slovenian Securities Market Agency (ATVP) as a MiFiD investment firm. Trading crypto derivatives carries significant risks and may result in substantial losses. Please trade responsibly and ensure you understand the associated risks. You can find more about the risks \u003Ca href=\"/legal/financial-services/general-terms-and-conditions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>. To help you understand the risks involved we have put together a series of \u003Ca href=\"/derivatives/key-information-documents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Key Information Documents (KIDs)\u003C/a> highlighting the risks and rewards related to each derivatives contract. Crypto derivatives trading is not available to customers in the US, Canada, Japan and some other countries. Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd. does not provide crypto-asset services.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To find out more about which Bitstamp entity you receive services from, please check the Profile/My information in your Bitstamp account. You can read more about our legal terms, policies and disclosures \u003Ca href=\"/legal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n","\u003Cp>All rights reserved © 2026 Bitstamp by Robinhood. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">NMLS #1905429\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\n",{"description":7,"ogDescription":7,"ogImage":256,"twitterImage":256,"twitterSite":257,"twitterCreator":257,"twitterCard":258,"twitterTitle":6,"twitterDescription":7,"titleTemplate":259},"https://assets.bitstamp.net/msc/_ipx/enlarge_true&f_png&fit_cover&q_85&s_1200x630/bitstampImageUrl/1920x1080px_illustrations_learningcenter_94svg_8f63224791_1b487da01d.png","@Bitstamp","summary_large_image","%s",{"items":261,"ready":33,"platformButtonText":304,"backButtonText":305,"logInButtonText":306,"signUpButtonText":307},[262,266,270,273,276,279,282,287,290,295,300],{"headerName":263,"sidemenuName":134,"url":135,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":264,"submenu":265,"tag":17},"Institutions",{},[],{"headerName":126,"sidemenuName":126,"url":127,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":267,"submenu":268,"tag":269},{},[],"NEW",{"headerName":149,"sidemenuName":149,"url":150,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":271,"submenu":272,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":106,"sidemenuName":106,"url":107,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":274,"submenu":275,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":116,"sidemenuName":116,"url":117,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":277,"submenu":278,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":121,"sidemenuName":121,"url":122,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":280,"submenu":281,"tag":17},{"geofencing-uk":33},[],{"headerName":283,"sidemenuName":283,"url":284,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":285,"submenu":286,"tag":17},"Markets","/markets/",{},[],{"headerName":111,"sidemenuName":111,"url":112,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":288,"submenu":289,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":291,"sidemenuName":291,"url":292,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":293,"submenu":294,"tag":17},"Blog","https://blog.bitstamp.net/",{},[],{"headerName":296,"sidemenuName":296,"url":297,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":298,"submenu":299,"tag":17},"Learn","/learn/",{},[],{"headerName":301,"sidemenuName":301,"url":107,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":36,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":302,"submenu":303,"tag":17},"Get Bitstamp by Robinhood app",{},[],"Go to platform","Back","Log in","Get started",[309,313,317,321,325,329,333,337,339,343],{"title":310,"url":311,"geofencings":312},"Blockchain technology","/learn/blockchain/",{},{"title":314,"url":315,"geofencings":316},"Company profiles","/learn/company-profiles/",{},{"title":318,"url":319,"geofencings":320},"Crypto 101","/learn/crypto-101/",{},{"title":322,"url":323,"geofencings":324},"Crypto definitions","/learn/crypto-definitions/",{},{"title":326,"url":327,"geofencings":328},"Crypto trading","/learn/crypto-trading/",{},{"title":330,"url":331,"geofencings":332},"Cryptocurrency guide","/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/",{"geofencing-uk":33},{"title":334,"url":335,"geofencings":336},"People profiles","/learn/people-profiles/",{},{"title":32,"url":31,"geofencings":338},{},{"title":340,"url":341,"geofencings":342},"Tutorials","/learn/bitstamp-tutorials/",{},{"title":344,"url":345,"geofencings":346},"Web3","/learn/web3/",{},1776943622400]