[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":347},["ShallowReactive",2],{"api/learn-center-post-en-what-is-a-sybil-attack":3,"footer-en":57,"learn/security/what-is-a-sybil-attack-en-seo":255,"navigation-en-learn-center":260,"api/learn-categories-en":308},{"seo":4,"locale":28,"breadcrumbs":29,"excerpt":37,"featuredImage":38,"components":39,"title":5,"formattedPublishedAt":50,"geofencings":51,"category":52,"pagination":54,"campaignExternalId":8},{"title":5,"metaTitle":6,"metaDescription":7,"keywords":8,"metaRobots":8,"structuredData":9,"metaImage":10,"metaSocial":18,"canonicalURL":8,"localizations":19},"What is a Sybil attack?","What is a Sybil attack? - Bitstamp Learn Center","What is a Sybil attack? How can an attacker can create fake identities to attack a blockchain. - Learn more on the Bitstamp Learn Center",null,{},{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},"bitstampImageUrl/1920x1080px_illustrations_learningcenter_102svg_e3d1925618_f8390bfa3b.svg","image/svg+xml",".svg",192,108,"1920x1080px_illustrations_learningcenter_102svg_e3d1925618.svg","",[],[20,23,26],{"pathname":21,"locale":22},"/en-gb/learn/security/what-is-a-sybil-attack/","en-GB",{"pathname":24,"locale":25},"/es/learn/security/what-is-a-sybil-attack/","es",{"pathname":27,"locale":28},"/learn/security/what-is-a-sybil-attack/","en",[30,34],{"id":31,"text":32,"url":31,"asUrl":33},"/learn/security/","Security",true,{"id":35,"text":5,"url":27,"asUrl":36},"what-is-a-sybil-attack",false,"\u003Cp>A \u003Cstrong>Sybil attack\u003C/strong> is an attack against peer-to-peer networks in which a single attacker creates many fake identities to gain an advantage in the network. Other users do not recognize these identities as fictitious, which gives the attacker a disproportionately large influence over the network.\u003C/p>\n",{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},[40],{"component":41,"props":42,"content":43,"secondaryContent":47,"ctas":48,"secondaryCtas":49,"ctasNoMarginTop":36},"section.full-text",{"centered":36,"withoutSectionContainer":36},{"text":44,"width":45,"align":46},"\u003Cp>Not only are blockchain networks peer-to-peer, they also often operate on a \u003Ca href=\"/learn/security/blockchain-trustlessness-security/\">trustless basis\u003C/a>, which exposes them to the threat of Sybil attacks. However, there are many measures in place to dissuade these attacks or even prevent them entirely. Everything from \u003Ca href=\"/learn/crypto-101/what-is-proof-of-work-pow/\">proof of work\u003C/a> and alternative, authority-based validation systems, to a reserve requirement in creating wallets has been installed as a counter to this type of attack.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Sybil attack essentials\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>An attack against peer-to-peer networks, such as blockchains.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>The attacker creates multiple fake identities to gain influence in the network.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Proof of work is an efficient means of preventing a Sybil attack.\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Reserve requirements, trusted validators and other solutions render a Sybil attack ineffective.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Ch2>Sybil attacks on blockchains\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Sybil attacks are more common than one would expect. For instance, something as innocent as social media influencers, who buy likes and views to grow in popularity, is considered a Sybil attack. More serious cases are also quite common, such as corrupt politicians, who circumvent the authorities to cast illegitimate votes in their own favor. Sybil attacks usually take place on networks, where there is no direct human interaction, which makes blockchain networks a target.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The name Sybil comes from the title of a 1973 book by F. R. Schreiber, whose titular character suffered from dissociative identity disorder, causing her to assume multiple identities.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>When launching a Sybil attack, a single adversary creates multiple identities on a peer-to-peer network that are indistinguishable from genuine peers. These could be computers, virtual machines, identities with different usernames, emails etc. But on blockchains, these identities are \u003Cstrong>nodes\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Since nodes are pseudonymous, there is no clear connection between a node and an offline entity (the person or institution owning the node). This makes weeding out fake nodes from genuine ones a difficult task, which thus makes the Sybil method all the more inviting for an attacker.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>An attacker can flood the network with nodes that they control and theoretically surround individual honest nodes, thus isolating them from the rest of the network. This allows them to focus their attack on a particular node and alter the transaction data relayed to it or cease relaying blocks and transactions to it, which effectively disconnects it from the network.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Such an attack is usually not absolute: it would be very difficult to achieve the complete isolation of a node on a peer-to-peer network. An attacker only needs to gather sufficient influence in the network to be able to mislead honest nodes into accepting an alternative truth. Even a portion of the nodes in the network working in unison against honest nodes can lay the groundwork for launching an attack.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch3>Weaknesses to Sybil attacks\u003C/h3>\n\u003Cp>Vulnerability to Sybil attacks depends primarily on how quickly and cheaply new nodes can be created. If the generation process is free and requires little to no computational effort, launching a Sybil attack is easy. Furthermore, vulnerability is also a question of trust, insofar as trust is a vital component of a blockchain’s operation. A system that places trust in peers based on no evidence of their honesty is easily exploitable, whereas a system that requires peers to prove their trustworthiness (by revealing their offline identities, for example) is difficult to launch a Sybil attack against.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Protecting against Sybil attacks\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>An attacker who aims to use a Sybil attack on a blockchain network that uses \u003Cstrong>proof of work\u003C/strong> will find creating multiple identities of no advantage when cracking the computational puzzle. Proof of work requires a certain amount of computing power to mine new blocks, and an attacker fragmenting their power through numerous nodes does nothing to increase the potency of their attack. They have the same chance of creating a block as they would when they operate as a single node.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Nevertheless, there are still ways to reap the benefits of a Sybil attack outside of outright mining. Despite this, many blockchains allow anyone to join their network, with no particular restriction. One of the obstacles in becoming a full node (a node that validates) comes in the form of the storage requirement for the blockchain. Bitcoin’s blockchain is currently around 250 GB in size, which does somewhat dissuade creating new full nodes. However, many less-popular blockchains require much less storage, which makes spamming new full nodes almost trivial.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>That is why blockchain developers often put restrictions in place to dissuade creating many fake identities. On the Bitcoin blockchain, which uses proof of work, nodes can be ignored if found to be consistently relaying false information. But a number of blockchains have gone down a different path in preventing Sybil attacks by forgoing the economic means of preventing Sybil attacks in favor of merit-based means.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Blockchains that use \u003Ca href=\"/learn/blockchain/what-are-alternative-consensus-algorithms/\">proof of authority\u003C/a> usually appoint a select number of trusted entities who are in charge of validating blocks. The same goes for delegated proof of stake, but the election of these entities is left to the community. And while this goes a long way to prevent Sybil attacks, it makes entities with authority the primary targets.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>With a combination of all the measures described (and many others), the largest blockchains effectively deal with Sybil attacks. It is unlikely that such an attack could be successfully deployed on the blockchains of the biggest cryptocurrencies by market cap in existence.\u003C/p>\n","full","left",{"text":17},[],[],"August 18th, 2022",{},{"title":32,"url":31,"geofencings":53},{},{"previous":55,"next":56},"/learn/security/what-is-a-multisig-wallet/","/learn/security/what-is-anti-money-laundering-law-aml/",{"ready":33,"sections":58,"disclaimer":253,"copyright":254},[59,102,130,153,190,209],{"title":60,"content":17,"items":61},"About",[62,67,72,77,82,87,92,97],{"noFollow":33,"isExternal":36,"name":63,"value":64,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":36,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":65,"geofencings":66},"Who We 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20 3868 9628","+442038689628",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":239,"value":240,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":241,"geofencings":242},"+1 800 712 5702","+18007125702",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":244,"value":245,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":246,"geofencings":247},"+352 20 88 10 96","+35220881096",{},{},{"noFollow":36,"isExternal":36,"name":249,"value":250,"isEmail":36,"isPhoneNumber":33,"isText":36,"showOnDesktop":33,"showOnMobile":33,"attachment":251,"geofencings":252},"+65 3105 1676","+6531051676",{},{},"\u003Cp>Please read the general \u003Ca href=\"/legal/risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Warning\u003C/a>, and \u003Ca href=\"/legal/uk-investment-risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Summary\u003C/a> for UK residents before investing in crypto-assets. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Crypto-assets services are provided by the following Bitstamp legal entities depending on client residency: (1) Bitstamp Europe S.A., which is authorized by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) in Luxembourg as a payment institution (licence number Z00000012) and crypto-asset service provider (licence number N00000003); Registered address: 40, avenue Monterey, L-2163 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; Registration number: B196856; (2) Bitstamp UK Ltd., which is registered with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK for the provision of certain cryptoassets activities under the Money Laundering Regulations (Firm Reference Number 978690); Registered address: 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom; Registration number: 14174243; (3) Bitstamp Ltd.with its registered address at 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom and registration number: 8157033; (4) Bitstamp Global Ltd., which is registered as a Virtual Asset Service Provider in the British Virgin Islands and is supervised by the British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission (FSC); Registered address: Floor 4, Banco Popular Building, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, British Virgin Islands; Registered number: 2086429; and (5) Bitstamp Asia Pte Ltd, which is authorized by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) as a major payment institution (licence number PS20200667); Registered address: 63 Chulia Street, OCBC Centre East, #15-01, Singapore 049514; Registered number: 202016687K;\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Virtual currency services to US residents are provided by Bitstamp USA, Inc., which is licensed to engage in virtual currency business activity by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Licensed as a Money Transmitter by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Review a \u003Ca href=\"/legal/usa-inc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">list of its licenses and other registrations\u003C/a> (NMLS number \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">1905429\u003C/a>) for more information; Registered address: 85 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America; Registered number: 5481543.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Investment services with regards to trading in crypto derivatives are provided by Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd., which is authorized and supervised by the Slovenian Securities Market Agency (ATVP) as a MiFiD investment firm. Trading crypto derivatives carries significant risks and may result in substantial losses. Please trade responsibly and ensure you understand the associated risks. You can find more about the risks \u003Ca href=\"/legal/financial-services/general-terms-and-conditions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>. To help you understand the risks involved we have put together a series of \u003Ca href=\"/derivatives/key-information-documents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Key Information Documents (KIDs)\u003C/a> highlighting the risks and rewards related to each derivatives contract. Crypto derivatives trading is not available to customers in the US, Canada, Japan and some other countries. Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd. does not provide crypto-asset services.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To find out more about which Bitstamp entity you receive services from, please check the Profile/My information in your Bitstamp account. You can read more about our legal terms, policies and disclosures \u003Ca href=\"/legal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n","\u003Cp>All rights reserved © 2026 Bitstamp by Robinhood. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">NMLS #1905429\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\n",{"description":7,"ogDescription":7,"ogImage":256,"twitterImage":256,"twitterSite":257,"twitterCreator":257,"twitterCard":258,"twitterTitle":6,"twitterDescription":7,"titleTemplate":259},"https://assets.bitstamp.net/msc/_ipx/enlarge_true&f_png&fit_cover&q_85&s_1200x630/bitstampImageUrl/1920x1080px_illustrations_learningcenter_102svg_e3d1925618_f8390bfa3b.png","@Bitstamp","summary_large_image","%s",{"items":261,"ready":33,"platformButtonText":304,"backButtonText":305,"logInButtonText":306,"signUpButtonText":307},[262,266,270,273,276,279,282,287,290,295,300],{"headerName":263,"sidemenuName":134,"url":135,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":264,"submenu":265,"tag":17},"Institutions",{},[],{"headerName":126,"sidemenuName":126,"url":127,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":267,"submenu":268,"tag":269},{},[],"NEW",{"headerName":149,"sidemenuName":149,"url":150,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":271,"submenu":272,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":106,"sidemenuName":106,"url":107,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":274,"submenu":275,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":116,"sidemenuName":116,"url":117,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":277,"submenu":278,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":121,"sidemenuName":121,"url":122,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":280,"submenu":281,"tag":17},{"geofencing-uk":33},[],{"headerName":283,"sidemenuName":283,"url":284,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":285,"submenu":286,"tag":17},"Markets","/markets/",{},[],{"headerName":111,"sidemenuName":111,"url":112,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":288,"submenu":289,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":291,"sidemenuName":291,"url":292,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":293,"submenu":294,"tag":17},"Blog","https://blog.bitstamp.net/",{},[],{"headerName":296,"sidemenuName":296,"url":297,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":298,"submenu":299,"tag":17},"Learn","/learn/",{},[],{"headerName":301,"sidemenuName":301,"url":107,"noFollow":36,"showInHeader":36,"showInSidemenu":33,"geofencings":302,"submenu":303,"tag":17},"Get Bitstamp by Robinhood app",{},[],"Go to platform","Back","Log in","Get started",[309,313,317,321,325,329,333,337,339,343],{"title":310,"url":311,"geofencings":312},"Blockchain technology","/learn/blockchain/",{},{"title":314,"url":315,"geofencings":316},"Company profiles","/learn/company-profiles/",{},{"title":318,"url":319,"geofencings":320},"Crypto 101","/learn/crypto-101/",{},{"title":322,"url":323,"geofencings":324},"Crypto definitions","/learn/crypto-definitions/",{},{"title":326,"url":327,"geofencings":328},"Crypto trading","/learn/crypto-trading/",{},{"title":330,"url":331,"geofencings":332},"Cryptocurrency guide","/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/",{"geofencing-uk":33},{"title":334,"url":335,"geofencings":336},"People profiles","/learn/people-profiles/",{},{"title":32,"url":31,"geofencings":338},{},{"title":340,"url":341,"geofencings":342},"Tutorials","/learn/bitstamp-tutorials/",{},{"title":344,"url":345,"geofencings":346},"Web3","/learn/web3/",{},1777988131267]