[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":350},["ShallowReactive",2],{"api/learn-center-post-en-what-is-proof-of-history":3,"footer-en":60,"learn/web3/what-is-proof-of-history-en-seo":258,"navigation-en-learn-center":263,"api/learn-categories-en":311},{"seo":4,"locale":25,"breadcrumbs":26,"excerpt":34,"featuredImage":35,"components":42,"title":5,"formattedPublishedAt":53,"geofencings":54,"category":55,"pagination":57,"campaignExternalId":8},{"title":5,"metaTitle":6,"metaDescription":7,"keywords":8,"metaRobots":8,"structuredData":9,"metaImage":10,"metaSocial":18,"canonicalURL":8,"localizations":19},"What is Proof of History?  ","What is Proof of History? - Web3","Proof of History (PoH) is Solana's cryptographic clock, enabling fast, secure transaction ordering and high scalability for blockchains.",null,{},{"url":11,"mime":12,"ext":13,"width":14,"height":15,"name":16,"alt":17},"bitstampImageUrl/what_is_proof_of_history_acf6bc60d8_e1bd414954.png","image/png",".png",900,451,"what_is_proof_of_history_acf6bc60d8.png","",[],[20,23],{"pathname":21,"locale":22},"/en-gb/learn/web3/what-is-proof-of-history/","en-GB",{"pathname":24,"locale":25},"/learn/web3/what-is-proof-of-history/","en",[27,31],{"id":28,"text":29,"url":28,"asUrl":30},"/learn/web3/","Web3",true,{"id":32,"text":5,"url":24,"asUrl":33},"what-is-proof-of-history",false,"\u003Cp>Proof of History (PoH) is an algorithm pioneered by the Solana blockchain, allowing the network to more easily reach consensus over timestamps and transaction sequencing to enhance scalability.  \u003C/p>\n",{"url":36,"mime":37,"ext":38,"width":39,"height":40,"name":41,"alt":17},"bitstampImageUrl/what_is_proof_of_history_a6904e0f83_8ada15a5e4.svg","image/svg+xml",".svg",1920,1080,"what_is_proof_of_history_a6904e0f83.svg",[43],{"component":44,"props":45,"content":46,"secondaryContent":50,"ctas":51,"secondaryCtas":52,"ctasNoMarginTop":33},"section.full-text",{"centered":33,"withoutSectionContainer":33},{"text":47,"width":48,"align":49},"\u003Cp>Timestamping data plays a vital role in any database since it indicates the sequence in which data has been entered. Centralized systems rely on central clocks that maintain a consistent time across entire networks, ensuring the accuracy of timestamp data.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>In decentralized systems, timestamp data is just as critical to sequencing and, as such, the integrity of the blockchain ledger itself. However, a blockchain network doesn’t have any universal clock.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Further, time data isn’t generated as part of the transaction in the same way as datapoints such as sending or receiving address or transaction amount. In legacy blockchains like \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-bitcoin-btc/\">Bitcoin\u003C/a> and \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-ethereum-eth/\">Ethereum\u003C/a>, the miner or validator assigns the timestamp at the point the block is produced since this is the point at which the transaction is considered confirmed. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>However, if the timestamp is wrong, it could affect blockchain security. If a miner or block validator could timestamp a block far enough into the future, they could orchestrate a double-spend \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/security/what-is-a-51-percent-attack/\">attack\u003C/a>. In blockchains such as Bitcoin, which vary the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/what-is-crypto-mining/\">mining\u003C/a> difficulty based on the time taken to mine each block, the ability to manipulate timestamps could also fool the difficulty algorithm.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To prevent such manipulation, blockchain networks operate timestamping protocols, which impose rules designed to ensure a minimal margin of error in time data and which limit the opportunity for manipulation. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>So, while timestamp attacks are relatively hard to execute, timestamp validation and consensus create work for the blockchain network, contributing to the overall challenge of blockchain scalability. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Proof of History was developed by \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/company-profiles/what-is-solana-labs/\">Solana Labs\u003C/a> for the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/what-is-solana-sol/\">Solana\u003C/a> blockchain as a way to remove the need to reach \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/security/what-are-blockchain-consensus-rules/\">consensus\u003C/a> over time stamps. In doing so, Proof of History enables faster transaction processing on Solana.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>How does Proof of History work?\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Proof of History uses a cryptographic function known as a Verifiable Delay Function (VDF) to significantly reduce the effort involved in confirming the timestamp of a block.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>A VDF is similar to the cryptographic puzzle used in the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/what-is-proof-of-work-pow/\">Proof of Work (PoW)\u003C/a> algorithm, where a node must use computational power to solve the function. However, unlike PoW, a VDF cannot be solved any more quickly by using more computing power. This means it takes the same amount of time to solve on each occasion, regardless of who solves it.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>The \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/blockchain/how-does-hashing-work/\">hash\u003C/a> output of each VDF serves as the input for the next one, and the result of the VDF is embedded in each block. Since the VDF is quickly verified, anyone can easily calculate the time that has elapsed between any given two VDFs.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>By substantially reducing the network load associated with timestamp validation, PoH supports far higher throughput than legacy blockchains do. Furthermore, the ability to consistently verify block time without relying on network consensus enables Solana to support parallel processing of transactions, further enhancing blockchain scalability.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Limitations and challenges of Proof of History\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Proof of History is designed for the authentication of time data. As such, it operates as a pre-requisite to participation in Solana’s consensus.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Once the VDF generates the PoH hash, it must be voted on by Solana’s validator network. Each validator is required to \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/blockchain/what-is-staking/\">stake SOL\u003C/a> in order to vote on the validity of the block with its assigned PoH hash. If a validator is found to vote on a minority \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/what-are-blockchain-forks/\">fork\u003C/a> with an invalid hash, their stake is slashed, or destroyed.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Solana calls this element of its consensus “Tower \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/blockchain/what-is-byzantine-fault-tolerance-bft/\">Byzantine Fault Tolerance\u003C/a>” and it’s designed to ensure that collaborators cannot collude to cheat PoH as the network clock.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Further, the staked votes on a particular fork are aggregated in a stack – or tower – which increases the economic implications of rolling back the blockchain over time as more blocks are added. Once a fork receives a supermajority of validator votes, it is considered \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/security/what-is-blockchain-immutability/\">immutable\u003C/a>, enabling Solana to offer fast finality compared to other blockchains.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Solana also operates a \u003Ca href=\"https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/what-is-proof-of-stake-pos/\">Proof of Stake (PoS)\u003C/a> mechanism to determine validator participation. Those who stake the most in the validator staking pool have the largest chance of being selected for the next block. Those holding SOL who wish to participate in block rewards can delegate their stake to a validator in the pool.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Solana’s multi-layered consensus introduces significant complexity to the ecosystem. The VDF function used in Proof of History is resource-intensive, meaning that Solana validators must run powerful hardware. Combined with the large amounts of staked SOL needed to qualify as a validator, the barriers to network participation are high.  \u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Proof of History essentials\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Pioneered by Solana Labs, Proof of History offers a way to sequence blockchain data without relying on consensus over timestamps.  \u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Proof of History uses a cryptographic primitive called the Verifiable Delay Function, which takes a fixed amount of time to solve, creating an immutable chronological sequence of hashes which are appended to blocks.  \u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>Proof of History is one component of Solana’s broader architecture, which also operates consensus protocols for validator selection and block validation.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n","full","left",{"text":17},[],[],"April 29th, 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20 3868 9628","+442038689628",{},{},{"noFollow":33,"isExternal":33,"name":242,"value":243,"isEmail":33,"isPhoneNumber":30,"isText":33,"showOnDesktop":30,"showOnMobile":30,"attachment":244,"geofencings":245},"+1 800 712 5702","+18007125702",{},{},{"noFollow":33,"isExternal":33,"name":247,"value":248,"isEmail":33,"isPhoneNumber":30,"isText":33,"showOnDesktop":30,"showOnMobile":30,"attachment":249,"geofencings":250},"+352 20 88 10 96","+35220881096",{},{},{"noFollow":33,"isExternal":33,"name":252,"value":253,"isEmail":33,"isPhoneNumber":30,"isText":33,"showOnDesktop":30,"showOnMobile":30,"attachment":254,"geofencings":255},"+65 3105 1676","+6531051676",{},{},"\u003Cp>Please read the general \u003Ca href=\"/legal/risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Warning\u003C/a>, and \u003Ca href=\"/legal/uk-investment-risk-warning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Risk Summary\u003C/a> for UK residents before investing in crypto-assets. \u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Crypto-assets services are provided by the following Bitstamp legal entities depending on client residency: (1) Bitstamp Europe S.A., which is authorized by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF) in Luxembourg as a payment institution (licence number Z00000012) and crypto-asset service provider (licence number N00000003); Registered address: 40, avenue Monterey, L-2163 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; Registration number: B196856; (2) Bitstamp UK Ltd., which is registered with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK for the provision of certain cryptoassets activities under the Money Laundering Regulations (Firm Reference Number 978690); Registered address: 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom; Registration number: 14174243; (3) Bitstamp Ltd.with its registered address at 5 New Street Square, EC4A 3TW London, United Kingdom and registration number: 8157033; (4) Bitstamp Global Ltd., which is registered as a Virtual Asset Service Provider in the British Virgin Islands and is supervised by the British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission (FSC); Registered address: Floor 4, Banco Popular Building, Road Town, Tortola VG1110, British Virgin Islands; Registered number: 2086429; and (5) Bitstamp Asia Pte Ltd, which is authorized by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) as a major payment institution (licence number PS20200667); Registered address: 63 Chulia Street, OCBC Centre East, #15-01, Singapore 049514; Registered number: 202016687K;\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Virtual currency services to US residents are provided by Bitstamp USA, Inc., which is licensed to engage in virtual currency business activity by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Licensed as a Money Transmitter by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Review a \u003Ca href=\"/legal/usa-inc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">list of its licenses and other registrations\u003C/a> (NMLS number \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">1905429\u003C/a>) for more information; Registered address: 85 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America; Registered number: 5481543.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Investment services with regards to trading in crypto derivatives are provided by Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd., which is authorized and supervised by the Slovenian Securities Market Agency (ATVP) as a MiFiD investment firm. Trading crypto derivatives carries significant risks and may result in substantial losses. Please trade responsibly and ensure you understand the associated risks. You can find more about the risks \u003Ca href=\"/legal/financial-services/general-terms-and-conditions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>. To help you understand the risks involved we have put together a series of \u003Ca href=\"/derivatives/key-information-documents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Key Information Documents (KIDs)\u003C/a> highlighting the risks and rewards related to each derivatives contract. Crypto derivatives trading is not available to customers in the US, Canada, Japan and some other countries. Bitstamp Financial Services Ltd. does not provide crypto-asset services.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>To find out more about which Bitstamp entity you receive services from, please check the Profile/My information in your Bitstamp account. You can read more about our legal terms, policies and disclosures \u003Ca href=\"/legal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">here\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\n","\u003Cp>All rights reserved © 2026 Bitstamp by Robinhood. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org/EntityDetails.aspx/COMPANY/1905429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">NMLS #1905429\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\n",{"description":7,"ogDescription":7,"ogImage":259,"twitterImage":259,"twitterSite":260,"twitterCreator":260,"twitterCard":261,"twitterTitle":6,"twitterDescription":7,"titleTemplate":262},"https://assets.bitstamp.net/msc/_ipx/enlarge_true&f_png&fit_cover&q_85&s_1200x630/bitstampImageUrl/what_is_proof_of_history_acf6bc60d8_e1bd414954.png","@Bitstamp","summary_large_image","%s",{"items":264,"ready":30,"platformButtonText":307,"backButtonText":308,"logInButtonText":309,"signUpButtonText":310},[265,269,273,276,279,282,285,290,293,298,303],{"headerName":266,"sidemenuName":137,"url":138,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":30,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":267,"submenu":268,"tag":17},"Institutions",{},[],{"headerName":129,"sidemenuName":129,"url":130,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":30,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":270,"submenu":271,"tag":272},{},[],"NEW",{"headerName":152,"sidemenuName":152,"url":153,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":30,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":274,"submenu":275,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":109,"sidemenuName":109,"url":110,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":30,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":277,"submenu":278,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":119,"sidemenuName":119,"url":120,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":30,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":280,"submenu":281,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":124,"sidemenuName":124,"url":125,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":30,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":283,"submenu":284,"tag":17},{"geofencing-uk":30},[],{"headerName":286,"sidemenuName":286,"url":287,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":30,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":288,"submenu":289,"tag":17},"Markets","/markets/",{},[],{"headerName":114,"sidemenuName":114,"url":115,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":30,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":291,"submenu":292,"tag":17},{},[],{"headerName":294,"sidemenuName":294,"url":295,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":30,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":296,"submenu":297,"tag":17},"Blog","https://blog.bitstamp.net/",{},[],{"headerName":299,"sidemenuName":299,"url":300,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":30,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":301,"submenu":302,"tag":17},"Learn","/learn/",{},[],{"headerName":304,"sidemenuName":304,"url":110,"noFollow":33,"showInHeader":33,"showInSidemenu":30,"geofencings":305,"submenu":306,"tag":17},"Get Bitstamp by Robinhood app",{},[],"Go to platform","Back","Log in","Get started",[312,316,320,324,328,332,336,340,344,348],{"title":313,"url":314,"geofencings":315},"Blockchain technology","/learn/blockchain/",{},{"title":317,"url":318,"geofencings":319},"Company profiles","/learn/company-profiles/",{},{"title":321,"url":322,"geofencings":323},"Crypto 101","/learn/crypto-101/",{},{"title":325,"url":326,"geofencings":327},"Crypto definitions","/learn/crypto-definitions/",{},{"title":329,"url":330,"geofencings":331},"Crypto trading","/learn/crypto-trading/",{},{"title":333,"url":334,"geofencings":335},"Cryptocurrency guide","/learn/cryptocurrency-guide/",{"geofencing-uk":30},{"title":337,"url":338,"geofencings":339},"People profiles","/learn/people-profiles/",{},{"title":341,"url":342,"geofencings":343},"Security","/learn/security/",{},{"title":345,"url":346,"geofencings":347},"Tutorials","/learn/bitstamp-tutorials/",{},{"title":29,"url":28,"geofencings":349},{},1777988151233]